The Internet has become a growing source of entertainment and information over the past years. Statistics say, there are "over two million new Internet users per month" (NTIA). More than half of all Americans are "online." "In September 2001, 143 million Americans, or about 54% of the population were using the Internet" (NTIA). As more and more people
Become familiar with the internet, the potential of its contents grows rapidly, at an uncontrollable rate. Why uncontrollable? Because in some cases there are no restriction to what can be put one the internet, what can be viewed on the internet, or who can view what is on the internet. Just about anything and everything can be found on the internet. With something such as the internet, which contains virtually an infinite amount of space, more is being added than taken away. Therefore with the growing amount of users, the contents grows as well. Different people use the internet for different things with no worries, because they have the right to. But should everybody have these privileges? With all these people using the Internet, shouldn't there be a restriction on what can and cannot be seen on the internet? Some answer yes, some answer no. For many reasons there is no determinant of who is right or wrong.
There are numerous reasons why the Internet should be censored. The major argument for censorship that has accumulated the most attention deals with the protection of children. "The issue of morality and children has become a leading factor in the struggle over whether or not to attempt to censor the Internet" (Friedman 25). Statistics say that "75% of children ages 14-17 use the Internet and 65% of children ages 10-13 use the Internet" (NTIA). Children can access the Internet at home, at school, at public libraries or at a friend's house. There is so much indecent material on the Internet, such as pornography that children should not be exposed to. How many children have already been exposed to this type of material on the internet alone? That remains uncertain, however it takes merely curiosity driven from TV programs, or even a friend, for an underage child to go on the internet and view material beyond what is meant for them to see. These sites, while they may come with an X-rated warning to not enter unless over 18, are still accessible to children, or whomever wishes to enter. Given the fact that there are warnings on such sites, there is still no guarantee that the viewer is of legal age. Children who aren’t of age, are most likely not mature enough to be exposed to such material, therefore the potential of permanently affecting a child’s morality remains high. The Communications Decency Act, or CDA was a proposed law on Internet Censorship that was overturned. "Senator Jim Exon (D-NE), co-author of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), are in favor of putting strict laws into place regulating the Internet in order to protect children: "The Decency Act stands for the premise that it is wrong to provide pornography to children on computers just as it is wrong to do it on a street corner or anywhere else" (Landier). Obviously one could go on for days supporting censorship of the internet with more than enough legit arguments, however there always remains two sides to every story. In this case; why not to censor the internet.
"There is no question that it is important to protect America's future and its children. But the issues involved address some of the most cherished precepts in the Constitution. One of the key dilemmas is to find a way of reconciling the protection of children's rights without infringing on the rights of American adults" (Friedman 26). ‘til the day America is no more, people will always fight for their rights, regardless. This makes sense, for these rights are in the constitution which was the foundation of our country. While some may find pornography offensive and repulsive, there are many who indulge in this pastime. And those who wish to have the right to, given to them by the Constitution. We as a people have no choice but to accept this. We as a people have no right, to take another’s away based on an opinion, regardless of how many oppose it. The first amendment gives all the right to "freedom of speech of the press." This includes the Internet, and guarantees each individual the right to express themselves and view what they want on the Internet. When dealing with censorship, another topic that must be kept in mind is personal privacy. Not all material on the internet is meant to be pornography. Some people keep their personal material on the internet and share it with certain individuals. For example, videos or pictures shared by distant friends, my resort to the internet as their only way of sharing, given their geographical location. There should not be any censorship for someone’s personal material because they are the only ones that should be viewing it anyway. If all private material were to be censored at all times, it would most definitely not be considered private, or personal. Total internet censorship is an extremity of what should be done. Although in this case, how or where would one draw the line between censorship, and privacy. It remains subjective. The Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition or (CIEC), is working to not censor the Internet. Who are we to take away rights granted to us by our Founding Fathers? They may have not been referring to pornography on the Internet, but it is the same principal. And if we were to take away these rights in any way it might very well be the biggest contradiction of the constitution yet.
Personally, I believe that the Internet should not be censored. Freedom of speech was given to us by the Constitution. The rights have been ours for centuries and should not be taken away today, in modern society. I think that some kind of compromise could be reached between censoring the Internet, and protecting our children. After all, children are our most precious resources and they should be treated like they are. They should be protected, the children of today are very much the future of tomorrow. Eventually there must be a solution to regulate who should be able to view, what should be censored, and an effective way of enforcing it. Otherwise our constitution will hold a lesser value that is has for centuries, and when the rules have been broken once, it most likely will happen again Much of the material accessible on the Internet is offense to some adults, but those adults are not obligated to look at it. It is easily avoidable. And as for children viewing questionable material at home, servers such as America Online allow "Parental Controls" where parents can block their underage children from viewing certain sites. To this day there are numerous parental control programs they help avoid accidental, or deliberate, encountering of explicit material on the internet, none of which are guaranteed. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and is allowed to voice it. This right is granted to us by the same amendment that gives us the right to express ourselves on the Internet.
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Friday, July 17, 2009
Wednesday, July 15, 2009
Demons of Advertising Essay
Human nature has been easy to figure out throughout the years. This fact could turn out to have more cons attached to it than ever imagined. In the beginning advertising had its place. Advertising pushed patent medicines, filled a few pages of the Sears catalog, sponsored radio detective programs, acted as magazine filler, and eventually made it to television. The thirty second TV spot became the model. Now some advertisements have crossed the ethics line. The line between advertisement and entertainment are becoming nonexistent. Guerilla, stealth marketing, and product placement are the two main unethical agents in advertising.
Stealth by far is the most sneaky and unethical technic in advertising. Stealth marketing is sending actors to interact with real people and casually talk up a product. These actors do not wear a name tag or a logo shirt, they appear as normal people. A great example that would best explain stealth marketing would be the Sony-Ericsson company. They invented a new cellular phone with a built in camera. They hired a group of actors to walk around Times Square in New York City posing as tourist acting as newlywed couples on a honeymoon. They would go up to strangers and ask them to take their picture. After a few minutes the unsuspecting person would ask how to take the picture. Then they receive a live demonstration on the new Sony phone. Of course the actors would explain where the got the phones and how great they are. Consequintly the sale of the phone tripled within one month of this advertising technique. The strangers leave thinking “what a nice couple and that was a cool phone.” Gary Ruskin, the executive director of Consumer Alert, said “it's deceptive, it's absolutely unethical to deceive people like this. In addition, it's taking advantage of the kindness of strangers and that's pretty low.” One man that was told that the two people were actors said “I feel violated, Imean, I had a connection between the two people and then to find out that they are salesmen!”
Another great example of stealth marketing would be the company of Tuwaka. The company came out with a new version of a spiced rum. However the problem was that they were going up against a fierce market, so they turned to stealth marketing. In this scenario a semi-attractive male actor orders a Tuwaka drink in front of other male customers to another attractive female actor. Of course she comes over and they hit it off. He gets her phone number and then she leaves. Just about 90% of the time the other male customers ask “how did you that?“ His response usually includes how women love that drink and that's how he gets dates. How far are these companies going to take this marketing technique? In this instance stealth marketing is using basic human desire. Is that ethical?
The second unethical marketing system is guerilla marketing. Guerrilla is defined by Word Book Online Encyclopedia as “Guerilla warfare, pronounced guh RIHL uh, is warfare by roving bands of fighters who torment the enemy with ambushes, sudden raids, and other small scale attacks. Guerialls may be organized, but usually fight in small bands. They most often operate behind enemy lines and use hit and run tactics and sabotage to surprise and torment the enemy. They take advantage of natural features of the terrain-such as forests, hills, lakes, and rivers-to conceal and launch attacks.” Companies started to realize that conventional marketing was being spotted a mile away. Consumers were becoming numb to conventional advertising. The marketing director decided to put the advertisements behind enemy lines in a sense. They had to disguise their ads so no one would know that in fact they were being sold a product.
A good example of guerrilla marketing would be Jojo's Subs. Jojo of course had a better product and a better value than its competitor Subway. However Jojo did not have the marketing budget of Subway. One technique he used was putting flyers displaying a much better deal than they just purchased up on cars in front of subway. The customer would feel violated in a sense that they just spent more of their hard earned money than they had to. Another technique he used was sending people to subways and making complaints in front of potential customers. In the complaint the person would say he is going to Jojo's for a better sub as well as a better deal. In a sense Jojo put someone behind enemy lines.
That example was on a small scale. A large corporation such as Nike has almost an unlimited budget when it comes to marketing. They have hired behavioral scientist to really get behind enemy lines. Many studies were conducted of many different groups. Now the marketing department were armed with a powerful tool. They knew exactly what group wanted what. Of course the obvious occurred, celebrity endorsements. What kid would not want to slam a basketball like Michael Jordan or hit a baseball like Ken Griffey Jr. On the Nike commercials they have just shots of Jordan and Griffey just performing their sports, but they are wearing Nike shoes. Playing on these emotions of children enabled Nike to sell a shoe for over $100 which only cost on average $2 to make. Playing with such a influential minds is not ethical.
Alltel as used a different form of guerrilla marketing in the sense of setting up mall blitzes. They would set up a booth for free massages or manicures on the walls would be the logo boomerang, but there would not be an actual advertisement. Boomerang was their new pre-paid service geared toward college students. Alltel also hired people to go into public chat rooms on the Internet and ask about the new Alltel product Boomerang. Basicly just using these techniques to infect everyone's curiosity. All these techniques end up on a 85% spike on the number of hits the Boomerange web site. Once again the large corporation used human nature of curiosity to sell the product.
In conclusion, the consumer should very careful when they receive an urge to purchase a new product. A consumer may never know if the had been a victim of guerrilla or stealth marketing. But as long as there are consumers companies will always try to find a new way to sell their products verse their competitors. Many large corporations say that there are no lines being crossed. They obviously haven't been a victim of either one of these techniques.
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Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom essay on Advertising now.
Stealth by far is the most sneaky and unethical technic in advertising. Stealth marketing is sending actors to interact with real people and casually talk up a product. These actors do not wear a name tag or a logo shirt, they appear as normal people. A great example that would best explain stealth marketing would be the Sony-Ericsson company. They invented a new cellular phone with a built in camera. They hired a group of actors to walk around Times Square in New York City posing as tourist acting as newlywed couples on a honeymoon. They would go up to strangers and ask them to take their picture. After a few minutes the unsuspecting person would ask how to take the picture. Then they receive a live demonstration on the new Sony phone. Of course the actors would explain where the got the phones and how great they are. Consequintly the sale of the phone tripled within one month of this advertising technique. The strangers leave thinking “what a nice couple and that was a cool phone.” Gary Ruskin, the executive director of Consumer Alert, said “it's deceptive, it's absolutely unethical to deceive people like this. In addition, it's taking advantage of the kindness of strangers and that's pretty low.” One man that was told that the two people were actors said “I feel violated, Imean, I had a connection between the two people and then to find out that they are salesmen!”
Another great example of stealth marketing would be the company of Tuwaka. The company came out with a new version of a spiced rum. However the problem was that they were going up against a fierce market, so they turned to stealth marketing. In this scenario a semi-attractive male actor orders a Tuwaka drink in front of other male customers to another attractive female actor. Of course she comes over and they hit it off. He gets her phone number and then she leaves. Just about 90% of the time the other male customers ask “how did you that?“ His response usually includes how women love that drink and that's how he gets dates. How far are these companies going to take this marketing technique? In this instance stealth marketing is using basic human desire. Is that ethical?
The second unethical marketing system is guerilla marketing. Guerrilla is defined by Word Book Online Encyclopedia as “Guerilla warfare, pronounced guh RIHL uh, is warfare by roving bands of fighters who torment the enemy with ambushes, sudden raids, and other small scale attacks. Guerialls may be organized, but usually fight in small bands. They most often operate behind enemy lines and use hit and run tactics and sabotage to surprise and torment the enemy. They take advantage of natural features of the terrain-such as forests, hills, lakes, and rivers-to conceal and launch attacks.” Companies started to realize that conventional marketing was being spotted a mile away. Consumers were becoming numb to conventional advertising. The marketing director decided to put the advertisements behind enemy lines in a sense. They had to disguise their ads so no one would know that in fact they were being sold a product.
A good example of guerrilla marketing would be Jojo's Subs. Jojo of course had a better product and a better value than its competitor Subway. However Jojo did not have the marketing budget of Subway. One technique he used was putting flyers displaying a much better deal than they just purchased up on cars in front of subway. The customer would feel violated in a sense that they just spent more of their hard earned money than they had to. Another technique he used was sending people to subways and making complaints in front of potential customers. In the complaint the person would say he is going to Jojo's for a better sub as well as a better deal. In a sense Jojo put someone behind enemy lines.
That example was on a small scale. A large corporation such as Nike has almost an unlimited budget when it comes to marketing. They have hired behavioral scientist to really get behind enemy lines. Many studies were conducted of many different groups. Now the marketing department were armed with a powerful tool. They knew exactly what group wanted what. Of course the obvious occurred, celebrity endorsements. What kid would not want to slam a basketball like Michael Jordan or hit a baseball like Ken Griffey Jr. On the Nike commercials they have just shots of Jordan and Griffey just performing their sports, but they are wearing Nike shoes. Playing on these emotions of children enabled Nike to sell a shoe for over $100 which only cost on average $2 to make. Playing with such a influential minds is not ethical.
Alltel as used a different form of guerrilla marketing in the sense of setting up mall blitzes. They would set up a booth for free massages or manicures on the walls would be the logo boomerang, but there would not be an actual advertisement. Boomerang was their new pre-paid service geared toward college students. Alltel also hired people to go into public chat rooms on the Internet and ask about the new Alltel product Boomerang. Basicly just using these techniques to infect everyone's curiosity. All these techniques end up on a 85% spike on the number of hits the Boomerange web site. Once again the large corporation used human nature of curiosity to sell the product.
In conclusion, the consumer should very careful when they receive an urge to purchase a new product. A consumer may never know if the had been a victim of guerrilla or stealth marketing. But as long as there are consumers companies will always try to find a new way to sell their products verse their competitors. Many large corporations say that there are no lines being crossed. They obviously haven't been a victim of either one of these techniques.
________________
Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom essay on Advertising now.
Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Essay
This essay will illustrate the extent to which effective marketing must incorporate Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Marketing effectively differs from one organisation to another as each has their own separate goals, which they pursue. To answer how important each of the afore mentioned marketing tools are, one must define what Marketing is and then take into account how each is applied and why if not applied in an organisations approach to selling could mean abrupt failure, or maybe that they do not matter at all.
The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) defines marketing as: ‘The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)
An alternative definition is offered from the American Marketing Association (AMA): ‘The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)
The CIM definition perhaps sums up the overall aim of marketing whereas the AMA definition identifies the tools which effective marketing would use when realising the firm’s objectives (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998). Looking at both definitions, they both finished stating that something must be satisfied, customer requirements and organisational objectives. So to market effectively you must be able to reach the organisational goals whilst also meeting your customer requirements.
Market segmentation is defined by Kotler and Armstrong (2001, p.244) as ‘Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of needs, characteristics or behaviour who might require separate marketing mixes.’ These needs, characteristics, and behavioural factors, which signify different demands, come from a multitude of different reasons. The main profilers used to segment the consumer markets are Geographic, Demographic, Behavioural and Psychographic factors. On the other hand organisational market profilers are Industry, Type of Organisation, Size, Geographic, Application, Usage and Purchasing Organisation factors. (Doyle 1994)
It begs the question; why segment the market instead of mass marketing the same product? The best-known example of Mass Marketing or Undifferentiated Marketing is told by Kotler and Armstrong (2001). They go on to use the example of Henry Ford’s marketing strategy of the Model T Ford. When he put the car into production, he told the cumsers, they could have the car “in any colour as long as it is black”. This though was many years ago; Ford has progressed and produces many different models today. An example of a company who still uses the Mass Marketing technique is outlined by Wilson and Gilligan (1997). Black & Decker faced a drop in its worldwide share of the power tool market from 20% to 15% as more Japanese firms began to compete by marketing in a more ‘aggressive’ manner than Black & Decker. As a result of this Black & Decker moved away from a policy of customized products for each market and instead focused making a smaller amount of products that could be sold everywhere which the same basic marketing approach. From this example it can be seen that not breaking down the market in terms of product, works for some companies whilst also satisfying customers, hence the increase in market share for Black & Decker.
Ultimately segmenting the market is the first step to giving the firm the ability to better match the customer needs, enhance profits, enhance opportunities for growth, retain customers and target communications (Doyle 1994). Being able to satisfy more customers with your brand or brands, brings one back to the definition offered by the CIM. More customers satisfied equals marketing more effectively. An example of a company, which uses segmentation within the USA, is Proctor & Gamble. They manufacture many products including washing detergent.
‘To some people, cleaning and bleaching power are most important; to others, fabric softening matters most; still others want mild, fresh-scented detergent’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.244)
Hence there are different groups or segments of the washing detergent buyers and each of these seek a different combination of benefits. Proctor & Gamble have recognised this and have gone on to produce eight different brands of detergent to satisfy these markets (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). Lesser and Hughes (1986, The Generalizability of Psychographic Market Segments Across Geographic Locations. Journal of Marketing. 50(January) 18-27) study summarises that segmentation plays a vital role in contributing to corporate planning, but there has not enough research into it to make enough generalizations to contribute to the advancement of ‘Segmentation Theory’.
Having segmented the market the strategist is faced with a series of decisions on the amount of and which segments to approach. The Strategists main concern is choosing a target would be profitable (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). Three factors which the strategist will have to consider are ‘the size and growth potential of each segment, their structural attractiveness and the organisation’s objectives and resources’ in coming to a final decision on which segments to target (Wilson & Gilligan 1997, p.297). Referring back to the AMA definition of marketing, they say that marketing involves satisfying organisation objectives. The importance of targeting is so choose the correct segment(s), which fulfil the company objectives. Effective marketing would be achieved if the strategist chose the right segment or segments to target, which would reach the company objectives. However each company has different objectives, and to demonstrate a company objective which each company, excluding non-profit organisations have, one can use Profit.
The strategist would then assess the profit potential of the segments, for instance using Porter’s Five Forces Model (McDonald 1999). The company would now have to decide which and how many segments to serve, which is the problem of target market selection (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). The firm can adopt one of three market coverage strategies, ‘Undifferentiated Marketing, Differentiated Marketing or Concentrated Marketing’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266).
Choosing the correct marketing strategy will depend on the type of product you have to supply. Undifferentiated marketing has already been explained. Differentiated marketing is when the company adopts several segments to market to and provides separate offers for each. The example of Proctor & Gamble was used before, another example of a company marketing effectively to many segments is Nike, who supply training shoes to many different market segments including Soccer, Basketball, Aerobics, Martial Arts and many more
(Nike. Available at <: URL: http://www.nike.com>[Accessed 16 November 2002]). By offering these product variations, these companies hope for increased sales and a stronger position within each market segment. For instance ‘Proctor and Gamble obtain a higher market share with eight brands than they would if they only made one. Nevertheless operating differentiated marketing usually increases costs to the business, for example it would cost more to produce 10 units of 10 different products rather than 100 of the same product’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266). Thus to market effectively the company must weight the increased costs against increased sales to market effectively. (Kotler & Armstrong 2001)
Concentrated Marketing is when the company focuses on one or a few segments or niches rather than going for a small share of a large segment. This type of marketing is especially appealing when there are limited company resources (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). An example of this is ‘Steve Warrington’s business which sells ‘everything ostrich’ and generated in excess of $4 million revenue in 2000. Today the low cost of setting up an Internet company makes it increasingly possible to serve seemingly minute niches’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.267). It is important to locate the correct segment for your product and company to move into, it can lead to being able to move in quickly to dominate a niche or that you can dramatically increase your market share by offering many products to many segments. On the other hand you may realise that your product is what everyone wants, for example Petrol, ‘whether your car is a Lada or a Rolls Royce petrol will make it go’ and you don’t need to segment and offer different products (Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.198).
Finally once the market has been segmented and a segment or segments targeted by the company, they have to identify the positioning concept within each target segment and select and develop the appropriate positioning concepts for each (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). This will relate to task of ensuring the company’s products operate a planned-for place in the chosen segments appropriate to its competition. This notion of positioning is applicable to both consumer and organisation markets and each share the same assumptions which are that all products and brands have subjective and objective attributes and potential customers may think about one of these attributes when deliberating whether to buy the respective brand or product. The potential customers will also have predetermined views on the attributes of the various competing products, which they will assess the new product by (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998).
The company would build a position for itself by following the three steps outlines by Kotler & Armstrong (2001, p.270) and acting upon their results.
‘Identification of a set of possible competitive advantages upon which to build a position, choosing the right competitive advantages, an selecting and overall positioning strategy. The company must then effectively communicate and deliver the chosen position to the market.’
It is important that the company’s positioning plan is not flawed, as this is the final stage before putting the product actually on the ‘market shelf’. Creating a product image not suited to the target segment could mean absolute failure due to the product itself not being properly thought through (Brassington & Pettitt 2000). For example the work of Pring (see Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.364) gives an example of a failed product from MD Foods. He explained that the results gained from test marketing are not the same as what may happen in the real comsumer environment. The company had to withdraw its cultured dairy product Gaio as consumer groups disputed its claims that to have lower cholesterol levels. Not enough outside factors were taken into consideration prior to the launch of the product, and it led to its failure. The way in which a company positions its product is vital, it must be done correctly or the whole marketing process beforehand, segmenting the market and choosing the target segments can be a waste of time. Doyle (1994) recalls the problem IBM faced when the personal computer prices began to decline in the early 1990’s. Instead of threatening their own high price brand image they instead, created a new company under IBM called Ambra, effectively cloning the IBM machine but selling it at a much lower price to satisfy the booming ‘mass’ and ‘economy’ markets.
To summarise, a well- developed strategy of market segmentation, targeting and positioning together would enable the company to market effectively, in the way in which its customers need’s and wants are satisfied and the organisational goals are realised. A wide variety of processes have developed to segment the market, target the most long-term profit potential customers and to enable the product to be positioned so it will be a success. Although as there is no definite product, which always needs these strategies, one can realise that it is important to use them because it will allow increased potential for the company’s objectives to be realised as well as ensuring your potential customers will be satisfied, thus your marketing will be effective.
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Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom essay on Marketing now.
The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) defines marketing as: ‘The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)
An alternative definition is offered from the American Marketing Association (AMA): ‘The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)
The CIM definition perhaps sums up the overall aim of marketing whereas the AMA definition identifies the tools which effective marketing would use when realising the firm’s objectives (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998). Looking at both definitions, they both finished stating that something must be satisfied, customer requirements and organisational objectives. So to market effectively you must be able to reach the organisational goals whilst also meeting your customer requirements.
Market segmentation is defined by Kotler and Armstrong (2001, p.244) as ‘Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of needs, characteristics or behaviour who might require separate marketing mixes.’ These needs, characteristics, and behavioural factors, which signify different demands, come from a multitude of different reasons. The main profilers used to segment the consumer markets are Geographic, Demographic, Behavioural and Psychographic factors. On the other hand organisational market profilers are Industry, Type of Organisation, Size, Geographic, Application, Usage and Purchasing Organisation factors. (Doyle 1994)
It begs the question; why segment the market instead of mass marketing the same product? The best-known example of Mass Marketing or Undifferentiated Marketing is told by Kotler and Armstrong (2001). They go on to use the example of Henry Ford’s marketing strategy of the Model T Ford. When he put the car into production, he told the cumsers, they could have the car “in any colour as long as it is black”. This though was many years ago; Ford has progressed and produces many different models today. An example of a company who still uses the Mass Marketing technique is outlined by Wilson and Gilligan (1997). Black & Decker faced a drop in its worldwide share of the power tool market from 20% to 15% as more Japanese firms began to compete by marketing in a more ‘aggressive’ manner than Black & Decker. As a result of this Black & Decker moved away from a policy of customized products for each market and instead focused making a smaller amount of products that could be sold everywhere which the same basic marketing approach. From this example it can be seen that not breaking down the market in terms of product, works for some companies whilst also satisfying customers, hence the increase in market share for Black & Decker.
Ultimately segmenting the market is the first step to giving the firm the ability to better match the customer needs, enhance profits, enhance opportunities for growth, retain customers and target communications (Doyle 1994). Being able to satisfy more customers with your brand or brands, brings one back to the definition offered by the CIM. More customers satisfied equals marketing more effectively. An example of a company, which uses segmentation within the USA, is Proctor & Gamble. They manufacture many products including washing detergent.
‘To some people, cleaning and bleaching power are most important; to others, fabric softening matters most; still others want mild, fresh-scented detergent’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.244)
Hence there are different groups or segments of the washing detergent buyers and each of these seek a different combination of benefits. Proctor & Gamble have recognised this and have gone on to produce eight different brands of detergent to satisfy these markets (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). Lesser and Hughes (1986, The Generalizability of Psychographic Market Segments Across Geographic Locations. Journal of Marketing. 50(January) 18-27) study summarises that segmentation plays a vital role in contributing to corporate planning, but there has not enough research into it to make enough generalizations to contribute to the advancement of ‘Segmentation Theory’.
Having segmented the market the strategist is faced with a series of decisions on the amount of and which segments to approach. The Strategists main concern is choosing a target would be profitable (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). Three factors which the strategist will have to consider are ‘the size and growth potential of each segment, their structural attractiveness and the organisation’s objectives and resources’ in coming to a final decision on which segments to target (Wilson & Gilligan 1997, p.297). Referring back to the AMA definition of marketing, they say that marketing involves satisfying organisation objectives. The importance of targeting is so choose the correct segment(s), which fulfil the company objectives. Effective marketing would be achieved if the strategist chose the right segment or segments to target, which would reach the company objectives. However each company has different objectives, and to demonstrate a company objective which each company, excluding non-profit organisations have, one can use Profit.
The strategist would then assess the profit potential of the segments, for instance using Porter’s Five Forces Model (McDonald 1999). The company would now have to decide which and how many segments to serve, which is the problem of target market selection (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). The firm can adopt one of three market coverage strategies, ‘Undifferentiated Marketing, Differentiated Marketing or Concentrated Marketing’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266).
Choosing the correct marketing strategy will depend on the type of product you have to supply. Undifferentiated marketing has already been explained. Differentiated marketing is when the company adopts several segments to market to and provides separate offers for each. The example of Proctor & Gamble was used before, another example of a company marketing effectively to many segments is Nike, who supply training shoes to many different market segments including Soccer, Basketball, Aerobics, Martial Arts and many more
(Nike. Available at <: URL: http://www.nike.com>[Accessed 16 November 2002]). By offering these product variations, these companies hope for increased sales and a stronger position within each market segment. For instance ‘Proctor and Gamble obtain a higher market share with eight brands than they would if they only made one. Nevertheless operating differentiated marketing usually increases costs to the business, for example it would cost more to produce 10 units of 10 different products rather than 100 of the same product’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266). Thus to market effectively the company must weight the increased costs against increased sales to market effectively. (Kotler & Armstrong 2001)
Concentrated Marketing is when the company focuses on one or a few segments or niches rather than going for a small share of a large segment. This type of marketing is especially appealing when there are limited company resources (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). An example of this is ‘Steve Warrington’s business which sells ‘everything ostrich’ and generated in excess of $4 million revenue in 2000. Today the low cost of setting up an Internet company makes it increasingly possible to serve seemingly minute niches’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.267). It is important to locate the correct segment for your product and company to move into, it can lead to being able to move in quickly to dominate a niche or that you can dramatically increase your market share by offering many products to many segments. On the other hand you may realise that your product is what everyone wants, for example Petrol, ‘whether your car is a Lada or a Rolls Royce petrol will make it go’ and you don’t need to segment and offer different products (Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.198).
Finally once the market has been segmented and a segment or segments targeted by the company, they have to identify the positioning concept within each target segment and select and develop the appropriate positioning concepts for each (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). This will relate to task of ensuring the company’s products operate a planned-for place in the chosen segments appropriate to its competition. This notion of positioning is applicable to both consumer and organisation markets and each share the same assumptions which are that all products and brands have subjective and objective attributes and potential customers may think about one of these attributes when deliberating whether to buy the respective brand or product. The potential customers will also have predetermined views on the attributes of the various competing products, which they will assess the new product by (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998).
The company would build a position for itself by following the three steps outlines by Kotler & Armstrong (2001, p.270) and acting upon their results.
‘Identification of a set of possible competitive advantages upon which to build a position, choosing the right competitive advantages, an selecting and overall positioning strategy. The company must then effectively communicate and deliver the chosen position to the market.’
It is important that the company’s positioning plan is not flawed, as this is the final stage before putting the product actually on the ‘market shelf’. Creating a product image not suited to the target segment could mean absolute failure due to the product itself not being properly thought through (Brassington & Pettitt 2000). For example the work of Pring (see Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.364) gives an example of a failed product from MD Foods. He explained that the results gained from test marketing are not the same as what may happen in the real comsumer environment. The company had to withdraw its cultured dairy product Gaio as consumer groups disputed its claims that to have lower cholesterol levels. Not enough outside factors were taken into consideration prior to the launch of the product, and it led to its failure. The way in which a company positions its product is vital, it must be done correctly or the whole marketing process beforehand, segmenting the market and choosing the target segments can be a waste of time. Doyle (1994) recalls the problem IBM faced when the personal computer prices began to decline in the early 1990’s. Instead of threatening their own high price brand image they instead, created a new company under IBM called Ambra, effectively cloning the IBM machine but selling it at a much lower price to satisfy the booming ‘mass’ and ‘economy’ markets.
To summarise, a well- developed strategy of market segmentation, targeting and positioning together would enable the company to market effectively, in the way in which its customers need’s and wants are satisfied and the organisational goals are realised. A wide variety of processes have developed to segment the market, target the most long-term profit potential customers and to enable the product to be positioned so it will be a success. Although as there is no definite product, which always needs these strategies, one can realise that it is important to use them because it will allow increased potential for the company’s objectives to be realised as well as ensuring your potential customers will be satisfied, thus your marketing will be effective.
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Wednesday, July 1, 2009
Computers Research Paper
Computers today are used in a way people commonly are doing work on it. There is more to computer typing there’s programming, troubleshooting, communications, and many of more uses from them people and I go through. People and myself has me know that there is more to computers then just typing more of it comes where in how other specific devices are used to convert data. Troubleshooting things such as viruses, networking, data loss, putting computer together, etc. has taught me more in depth about computers today. Having to do all of this has shown me that computers are a source of reflection of how it used and done with. Communications and new software development has made people has there life’s saved is now another things used for computers to talk and send mail/messages. It a new trend for people to have computers and to use them in communicating in a whole new way. So computers are used now are changed today with new things you would like.
Throughout now in computers were hard to describe in-depth in the programming as it was made in what people and myself thought. People use computers in a concept of doing work on it and nothing else that so interesting. It wasn’t an interesting thing back then when it was made. Everybody ignored it as a useless product that never existed in the world. When I used it was hard to use and understanding more in detail the entire major concept of how the programming was. People like myself had a hard time figuring out uses for it. It was like a machine in a hard way to describe in of all the technology/electronics they had made to a computer. Programming it in what to do on it was like typing, printing, and playing was the major thing that was done. It was nothing but just playing and doing working on a computer, which was made to do. Having it programmed for these kinds of uses are having people do these common things. When computers are describes as programming in special uses as work, printing, and playing has the first new beginning of computers.
Now troubleshooting is the next thing that occurs around computers such as viruses and other errors for different reasons. People today are having these encounters to these problems and have been evolving around them. They are a big problem because it destroys all data and makes the computer not load up. It’s like a disease spreading to all around the computers and has never stopped. Another problem is that a person and myself hate to loss data to the program you’re working on for any type of project/work you’re on. It’s a major hassle to loss a big thing on a computer that you save and worked hard on. This is something people go through everyday to have these errors occur overtime. Having to delete important files from your computer to work has made them lose their work and the computer it self. This is why people have trouble thinking that it gets them frustrated. It the common problem everyone goes through everyday in using one. So computers back than were a big hassle to the people who bought them and encountered so many problems.
Today now computers have made a communications and software cure for troubleshooting in the major problem people have in the computer system. In the communications they have a Chat line/E-mail to send about anything between you and your friend through a network computer. This is something people enjoy doing to communicate with anybody they know. It’s a lifesaver now to send anything across a computer network in the world. The next thing is that software that can destroy viruses in detecting and protecting your computer has made a cure for it. People whom have troubleshooting in their computers now have software on the market see it’s a big help. It’s a new generation people now are safe with any software program that can be protected. The different between the reflections of the computers had shown many of what people encounter in their everyday life. Everything from the past has now made a lot of big changes. Now people are starting to get computer in a whole new different way for them to use it. Now new things added to the computer systems today has better communications and new software that helps people not to lose anything.
People from the past had problems with computers in knowing what it is. They would just use it as typing out work and other things. In that people occur with troubleshooting problems like viruses and errors. Now today they made new communication and software to help out people from their problems they have. So the reflection of computers has now shown new things has come to the future.
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Throughout now in computers were hard to describe in-depth in the programming as it was made in what people and myself thought. People use computers in a concept of doing work on it and nothing else that so interesting. It wasn’t an interesting thing back then when it was made. Everybody ignored it as a useless product that never existed in the world. When I used it was hard to use and understanding more in detail the entire major concept of how the programming was. People like myself had a hard time figuring out uses for it. It was like a machine in a hard way to describe in of all the technology/electronics they had made to a computer. Programming it in what to do on it was like typing, printing, and playing was the major thing that was done. It was nothing but just playing and doing working on a computer, which was made to do. Having it programmed for these kinds of uses are having people do these common things. When computers are describes as programming in special uses as work, printing, and playing has the first new beginning of computers.
Now troubleshooting is the next thing that occurs around computers such as viruses and other errors for different reasons. People today are having these encounters to these problems and have been evolving around them. They are a big problem because it destroys all data and makes the computer not load up. It’s like a disease spreading to all around the computers and has never stopped. Another problem is that a person and myself hate to loss data to the program you’re working on for any type of project/work you’re on. It’s a major hassle to loss a big thing on a computer that you save and worked hard on. This is something people go through everyday to have these errors occur overtime. Having to delete important files from your computer to work has made them lose their work and the computer it self. This is why people have trouble thinking that it gets them frustrated. It the common problem everyone goes through everyday in using one. So computers back than were a big hassle to the people who bought them and encountered so many problems.
Today now computers have made a communications and software cure for troubleshooting in the major problem people have in the computer system. In the communications they have a Chat line/E-mail to send about anything between you and your friend through a network computer. This is something people enjoy doing to communicate with anybody they know. It’s a lifesaver now to send anything across a computer network in the world. The next thing is that software that can destroy viruses in detecting and protecting your computer has made a cure for it. People whom have troubleshooting in their computers now have software on the market see it’s a big help. It’s a new generation people now are safe with any software program that can be protected. The different between the reflections of the computers had shown many of what people encounter in their everyday life. Everything from the past has now made a lot of big changes. Now people are starting to get computer in a whole new different way for them to use it. Now new things added to the computer systems today has better communications and new software that helps people not to lose anything.
People from the past had problems with computers in knowing what it is. They would just use it as typing out work and other things. In that people occur with troubleshooting problems like viruses and errors. Now today they made new communication and software to help out people from their problems they have. So the reflection of computers has now shown new things has come to the future.
________________
Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom research paper on Computers now.
Genetic Engineering Essay
Sara just found out her baby will be born with ADA deficiency (bubble-boy syndrome). The baby will be born with no immune system, and be forced to live a short, sheltered life with no “out-siders”. Sara’s baby will only die early if they can’t find a bone marrow donor match, which is rare. What should Sara do? Look into genetic engineering of course! “The idea, simply, is to inject corrective genes into a patient’s body to replace faulty ones”(How Soon is Too Soon?). Genetic engineering can make better food products, help cure and control disease, and has worked on animals.
Scientists study genetic engineering for animals, to make better food and control spread of animal disease. In cattle they slip in extra genes to reduce fat in meat. In chickens they are developing genes that make chickens mature faster and have more meat. They are also working on enhancing disease resistance (Thro 41-42).
Genetic engineering is used to understand the cause of disease, for treatments of disease and for possible cures for disease. Gene therapy is another form of genetic engineering. It is basically the same technology but it puts the genes into an unborn baby (Thro 70, 81). With these technologies, in the near future, if someone were to get a third-degree burn, doctors would just grow some skin cells in a container and then place them on your skin. Or if someone had a heart attack they could replace the bad heart cells with the artificially made “good ones”. What if someone broke his or her back? Scientists could grow nerve cells to place into your back. Scientists in California are working on a gene-based drug that will cut-off the blood flow to cancerous cells in someone’s body. These cells will eventually strangle the cancer cells, curing the cancer. In the future there will be artificial genes that can protect against HIV, diabetes, cancers, and Parkinson’s disease. “This research obviously promises to significantly advance human life”. Now, some people still think this procedure is wrong. Do you think that it is wrong to take some skin cells (that otherwise would have washed down the drain) and put them into an enucleated egg and grown in a petri dish with the intention of curing your grandpa’s Parkinson’s disease? Besides, does your uniqueness really come from your genes? Say that Fred could have a brain transplant with George. So after the procedure is done Fred is still Fred just in George’s body, right? Anyway the point is that brains make you who you are. Not your genes (Petri Dish Politics)! In the 1970’s there was a boy born with no immune system (ADA deficiency). America came to know this boy as “the boy in the plastic bubble” or “bubble boy” because he lived in a large bubble made of plastic. The bubble acted as his immune system; it kept the germs out. He lived into his early teens, but could not see his family or friends. ADA deficiency is a rare disease, and is usually treated with enzyme treatments or bone marrow transplants, but these don’t come close to correcting your immune system. That is until now! In 1990 the first gene engineering on humans was approved. They worked this phenomenon on a four-year-old girl. First they made copies of the normal ADA gene, and then inserted them into a dormant virus. Next they mixed some T cells (part of the immune system) with the ADA gene and the dormant virus. Then that grew into a colony of about a billion. Next they put that into the girls body like a regular, everyday, blood transfusion. Then she returned for a few more. In 1992 the treatment seemed to be working well and her immune system was strong (Thro 81)). Eight years later she is still living a good life, swinging and smiling (How Soon is too Soon). The most studied disease in this field is cystic fibrosis, which is a disease that effects the lungs. A thick, sticky mucus clogs the lungs. This disease makes you vulnerable for fatal infections. People that have this disease usually die before age 30. Scientists have now found the gene that carries cystic fibrosis (Thro 70-72). They can now test adults fore this gene. For example doctors tested Jerry and Emily, a married couple for the gene. They found that Emily has the gene but Jerry doesn’t. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would not get this disease because the gene is recessive. Bob and Linda had the same test done. It says that they both have the gene. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would have this disease. Thanks to genetic engineering scientists can see this. “The pace of scientific advance in genetic engineering is sure to increase (How Soon is too soon).
Scientist has done some genetic engineering testing on animals. In September 1999 Joe Tsien made mice smarter by putting in extra copies of a gene into the mice’s brain cells. In a short time they will be able to put these genes in humans. These humans would have an easier time learning and remembering (Petri Dish Politics). Two groups of scientists have been able to treat hemophilia B in mice and dogs (Thro). From Dolly the lamb we learned that doctors might one day take the nucleus of a skin cell and put them with an egg and mix them with the appropriate hormones and proteins. Then they would turn the cell into a heart tissue; for example, your body would not reject this because it’s a match with your immune system (Petri Dish Politics). If genetic engineering has worked on animals well doesn’t that mean it possibly will work on human’s well in the future?
Genetic engineering is a technology that will help us in the future. As far as we know you CAN NOT change your personality with this maneuver. “Genetic engineering as a whole is one of the most promising technologies on the planet”(www.foxbghsuit.com). With genetic engineering we can make better foods, fight disease and has worked on animals.
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Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Genetic Engineering now.
Scientists study genetic engineering for animals, to make better food and control spread of animal disease. In cattle they slip in extra genes to reduce fat in meat. In chickens they are developing genes that make chickens mature faster and have more meat. They are also working on enhancing disease resistance (Thro 41-42).
Genetic engineering is used to understand the cause of disease, for treatments of disease and for possible cures for disease. Gene therapy is another form of genetic engineering. It is basically the same technology but it puts the genes into an unborn baby (Thro 70, 81). With these technologies, in the near future, if someone were to get a third-degree burn, doctors would just grow some skin cells in a container and then place them on your skin. Or if someone had a heart attack they could replace the bad heart cells with the artificially made “good ones”. What if someone broke his or her back? Scientists could grow nerve cells to place into your back. Scientists in California are working on a gene-based drug that will cut-off the blood flow to cancerous cells in someone’s body. These cells will eventually strangle the cancer cells, curing the cancer. In the future there will be artificial genes that can protect against HIV, diabetes, cancers, and Parkinson’s disease. “This research obviously promises to significantly advance human life”. Now, some people still think this procedure is wrong. Do you think that it is wrong to take some skin cells (that otherwise would have washed down the drain) and put them into an enucleated egg and grown in a petri dish with the intention of curing your grandpa’s Parkinson’s disease? Besides, does your uniqueness really come from your genes? Say that Fred could have a brain transplant with George. So after the procedure is done Fred is still Fred just in George’s body, right? Anyway the point is that brains make you who you are. Not your genes (Petri Dish Politics)! In the 1970’s there was a boy born with no immune system (ADA deficiency). America came to know this boy as “the boy in the plastic bubble” or “bubble boy” because he lived in a large bubble made of plastic. The bubble acted as his immune system; it kept the germs out. He lived into his early teens, but could not see his family or friends. ADA deficiency is a rare disease, and is usually treated with enzyme treatments or bone marrow transplants, but these don’t come close to correcting your immune system. That is until now! In 1990 the first gene engineering on humans was approved. They worked this phenomenon on a four-year-old girl. First they made copies of the normal ADA gene, and then inserted them into a dormant virus. Next they mixed some T cells (part of the immune system) with the ADA gene and the dormant virus. Then that grew into a colony of about a billion. Next they put that into the girls body like a regular, everyday, blood transfusion. Then she returned for a few more. In 1992 the treatment seemed to be working well and her immune system was strong (Thro 81)). Eight years later she is still living a good life, swinging and smiling (How Soon is too Soon). The most studied disease in this field is cystic fibrosis, which is a disease that effects the lungs. A thick, sticky mucus clogs the lungs. This disease makes you vulnerable for fatal infections. People that have this disease usually die before age 30. Scientists have now found the gene that carries cystic fibrosis (Thro 70-72). They can now test adults fore this gene. For example doctors tested Jerry and Emily, a married couple for the gene. They found that Emily has the gene but Jerry doesn’t. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would not get this disease because the gene is recessive. Bob and Linda had the same test done. It says that they both have the gene. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would have this disease. Thanks to genetic engineering scientists can see this. “The pace of scientific advance in genetic engineering is sure to increase (How Soon is too soon).
Scientist has done some genetic engineering testing on animals. In September 1999 Joe Tsien made mice smarter by putting in extra copies of a gene into the mice’s brain cells. In a short time they will be able to put these genes in humans. These humans would have an easier time learning and remembering (Petri Dish Politics). Two groups of scientists have been able to treat hemophilia B in mice and dogs (Thro). From Dolly the lamb we learned that doctors might one day take the nucleus of a skin cell and put them with an egg and mix them with the appropriate hormones and proteins. Then they would turn the cell into a heart tissue; for example, your body would not reject this because it’s a match with your immune system (Petri Dish Politics). If genetic engineering has worked on animals well doesn’t that mean it possibly will work on human’s well in the future?
Genetic engineering is a technology that will help us in the future. As far as we know you CAN NOT change your personality with this maneuver. “Genetic engineering as a whole is one of the most promising technologies on the planet”(www.foxbghsuit.com). With genetic engineering we can make better foods, fight disease and has worked on animals.
___________________
Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Genetic Engineering now.
Monday, June 22, 2009
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an effective government from 1781 to 1789. They were a model of what a loose Confederation should be. The Articles succeeded in maintaining the union of the thirteen states as well as clearly outlining the general powers of the centralized government. Yet, despite these positive deeds there were many setbacks. One primary setback was the feeble government designed to prevent any future abuse of power. However, with all things considered the Constitution that now shapes modern America would have never been formed without first evolving from the flawed Articles of Confederation.
The Articles of Confederation were drafted in 1776 by a congress appointed committee even before America declared independence. They became effective on March 1, 1781 when the last of the thirteen states, Maryland, finally ratified the constitution. The Articles were the first written constitution of the Republic of the United States. Thomas Jefferson hailed the Articles as the best one “existing or ever did exist.”
The accomplishments of the Articles that helped provide the United States with a basis for a foundation of government include the development of Congress. The Congress was the chief agency of government comprised of delegates or representatives from each state. The Congress was responsible for conducting foreign affairs, declaring war and peace, maintaining an army and navy as well as establishing a postal service. The Congress took part in significant affairs of the country during the last two years of the Revolution, helped to negotiate treaty of Paris in 1782 and produced two monumental pieces of legislation.
The first momentous legislation passed by the Congress was The Land Ordinance of 1785. Fortunate states such as Virginia and New York owned much acreage in the Old Northwest on the basis of earlier charter grants while the smaller, land hungry states cried injustice. As a result, Congress devised a plan in which the states were to cede their western territory for the benefit of the “common good.” ( Doc. E ) The land was sold and the proceeds were used for the benefit of public schools as well as to pay off national debt.
The second noteworthy legislation passed by Congress was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This act concerned the governing of the Old Northwest territory. The Northwestern “colonies” would be subordinate to the federal government and when their population reached sixty thousand they would be admitted into the Union by Congress with all the rights and privileges of its thirteen other members. Both the Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance proved to be so successful that their basis principles were ultimately carried over to other frontier areas.
However successful the Articles were, most of its accomplishments were outweighed by its weaknesses. Created during the Revolutionary War, the Articles reflected the weariness and the vigilance of the Americans due to the strong central government like that of Britain. The American people were fearful of a government that would ignore individual needs and the abuses that resulted from a strong centralized government. (Doc. G ) As a result, the Articles purposely established a large share of power to the individual states. Also, due to the fear of abuse of power the Articles denied Congress power to collect tax but was able to plead the states to contribute on a voluntary basis.( Doc. A ) In addition the Congress was not allowed power over interstate and foreign commerce.
The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible. There were no executive or judicial branches and therefore no federal courts. The states were so sovereign that the federal laws were enforced by state courts and the central government could not even act directly upon the people. The weaknesses of the Articles further divided the union and as a result the government was not able to properly handle international crises. In 1784 the Mississippi port, controlled by Spain, was closed off to American commerce. This act not only threatened the west’s ability to grow productive but also the budding American economy. John Jay’s negotiations with Spain’s Minister Diego de Gardoqui proved to be fruitless due in part because of the weaknesses and constraints that bound him as a government official. ( Doc. F ) Also, foreign relations with Britain were still strained during the years of the Articles. Britain declined to make a commercial treaty or repeal the ancient Navigation Laws. Even when trade between America and Britain occurred as United States population increased, meaning more goods, the estimated market value for American exports to great Britain still remained the same. ( Doc. B ) Although America’s grievances and demands presented to Britain were all on fair grounds the American government still could not even control its own commerce. ( Doc. D ) These crises along with Shay’s rebellion, sparked the need for a stronger constitution.
By the late 18th century it was clear that the United States would not prosper under the Articles of Confederation. George Washington described the situation under the Articles as “a half-starved limping government, that appears to be always moving upon crutches and tottering at every step.” The American people under the Articles of Confederation grew out of the revolutionary spirit that detested any superior government. Although the call for a new constitution would be opposed by some, the need for an even stronger one was agreed on by all.
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Terrorism
Where was America on the morning of September 11 prior to 8:44 AM Eastern
time. Going to work? Going to school? Reading the morning paper? Watching the news
as the planes hit the World Trade Center? The events of our lives that morning will be
remembered by all Americans as the world watched in horror as the terrorist crashed into
the World Trade Center. Pure chaos broke loose in New York City. Innocent people’s
were taken, many people badly were injured. All because of terrorist and there leader
Osama bin Laden. This was the worst attack on the United States of America in all of
history. They then went on to crash a plane into the Pentagon killing more innocent
American’s. The terrorist attempted to tear our nation apart through fear. While we are
sorrowful at the loss of our fellow American’s, we have emerged stronger and more
united as a nation then before September 11th. Some of the possible solutions for this
tragic problem are to bomb all terrorist camps and camps supported by al-Qaida, enhance
all securities in airports to insure saftey amongst Americans’, tighten the borders to
prevent illegal aliens from coming to the United States, arrest all suspected terrorist of the
al-Qaida party.
This has been the most devastating attack on the United States ever. They
destroyed people’s lives. Put fear into Americans everyday life. It shook our nation very
badly. President George W. Bush delivered one of the most powerful speeches ever given
when he addressed the nation September 12. “ We will not waver, we will not tire. We
will not falter and we will not fail.” (President George W. Bush)
There are many possible solutions to these problems. The United States are taking all the
possible precautions to prevent another terrorist attack from happening. A possible
solution that the United States Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, is using is airstrikes
on selective targets to provide cover for our ground troops. We bomb during the night,
but to show we do not mean to hurt any innocent civilians we drop food and medicine
during the day. The goals of this campaign was outlined by (Defense Secretary Donald H.
Rumsfeld) Acquiring intelligence that will assist planning for future attacks against Osama
bin Laden’s al-Qaida terrorist network and Afghanistan’s Taliban rulers. Changing “the
military balance over time” by denying to the Taliban the weapons they now use in fighting
various opposition forces, including the northern alliance and tribes in southern
Afghanistan. Developing relationships of groups of Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban
and al-Qaida. Making it more difficult for al-Qaida to use Afghanistan freely as a base of
operation. Making it clear to the Taliban leaders and their supporters that “harboring
terrorists is unacceptable and carries a price.” Providing humanitarian relief to afghans
suffering under the Taliban. (Rumsfeld)
Other possible solutions might be to more closely monitor illegal aliens entering
our country. Particularly at the Canadian borders and Mexican border. Check all of the
Visa’s of the aliens on our country. More closely monitor luggage that is checked onto
airplanes to be sure that the passenger and the luggage are on the same flight. President
Bush, Vice president Chaney, Secretary of State Powell, and Secretary of Defense
Rumsfeld, and Prime Minister Blair need to continue to solidify the coalition of all
nations to uncover and fight terrorism. Attorney General John Ashcroft along with the
heads of the FBI and CIA, are investigating and arresting all possible associates of the
suicide terrorists. World-wide there have been over 900 arrests of terrorist associated
with al-Qaida.
The problem of terrorism will not go away easily. It will take many years of
diligent work by our country’s most capable leaders. The many programs being used by
our government will help to safeguard the American public against terrorist, however the
threat remains constant. No doubt there are still terrorist living amongst us everywhere.
We can only trust that President Bush will continue to work to eliminate terrorism. Not
only in the United States, but with our allies throughout the world.
Our professional custom writing service can provide you with a 100% non-plagiarized custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or other assignment of high-quality. All custom papers are written from scratch by professional academic writers. Any topic, any discipline, any deadline. Feel free to order a custom written paper now.
time. Going to work? Going to school? Reading the morning paper? Watching the news
as the planes hit the World Trade Center? The events of our lives that morning will be
remembered by all Americans as the world watched in horror as the terrorist crashed into
the World Trade Center. Pure chaos broke loose in New York City. Innocent people’s
were taken, many people badly were injured. All because of terrorist and there leader
Osama bin Laden. This was the worst attack on the United States of America in all of
history. They then went on to crash a plane into the Pentagon killing more innocent
American’s. The terrorist attempted to tear our nation apart through fear. While we are
sorrowful at the loss of our fellow American’s, we have emerged stronger and more
united as a nation then before September 11th. Some of the possible solutions for this
tragic problem are to bomb all terrorist camps and camps supported by al-Qaida, enhance
all securities in airports to insure saftey amongst Americans’, tighten the borders to
prevent illegal aliens from coming to the United States, arrest all suspected terrorist of the
al-Qaida party.
This has been the most devastating attack on the United States ever. They
destroyed people’s lives. Put fear into Americans everyday life. It shook our nation very
badly. President George W. Bush delivered one of the most powerful speeches ever given
when he addressed the nation September 12. “ We will not waver, we will not tire. We
will not falter and we will not fail.” (President George W. Bush)
There are many possible solutions to these problems. The United States are taking all the
possible precautions to prevent another terrorist attack from happening. A possible
solution that the United States Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, is using is airstrikes
on selective targets to provide cover for our ground troops. We bomb during the night,
but to show we do not mean to hurt any innocent civilians we drop food and medicine
during the day. The goals of this campaign was outlined by (Defense Secretary Donald H.
Rumsfeld) Acquiring intelligence that will assist planning for future attacks against Osama
bin Laden’s al-Qaida terrorist network and Afghanistan’s Taliban rulers. Changing “the
military balance over time” by denying to the Taliban the weapons they now use in fighting
various opposition forces, including the northern alliance and tribes in southern
Afghanistan. Developing relationships of groups of Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban
and al-Qaida. Making it more difficult for al-Qaida to use Afghanistan freely as a base of
operation. Making it clear to the Taliban leaders and their supporters that “harboring
terrorists is unacceptable and carries a price.” Providing humanitarian relief to afghans
suffering under the Taliban. (Rumsfeld)
Other possible solutions might be to more closely monitor illegal aliens entering
our country. Particularly at the Canadian borders and Mexican border. Check all of the
Visa’s of the aliens on our country. More closely monitor luggage that is checked onto
airplanes to be sure that the passenger and the luggage are on the same flight. President
Bush, Vice president Chaney, Secretary of State Powell, and Secretary of Defense
Rumsfeld, and Prime Minister Blair need to continue to solidify the coalition of all
nations to uncover and fight terrorism. Attorney General John Ashcroft along with the
heads of the FBI and CIA, are investigating and arresting all possible associates of the
suicide terrorists. World-wide there have been over 900 arrests of terrorist associated
with al-Qaida.
The problem of terrorism will not go away easily. It will take many years of
diligent work by our country’s most capable leaders. The many programs being used by
our government will help to safeguard the American public against terrorist, however the
threat remains constant. No doubt there are still terrorist living amongst us everywhere.
We can only trust that President Bush will continue to work to eliminate terrorism. Not
only in the United States, but with our allies throughout the world.
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