Sample Papers

Abortion Essay

2009-08-20T02:54:00.000-07:00

Abortion should continue to be a legalised surgical procedure. After much discussion abortion has finally become legalised in most countries, but was it the right choice to make? Abortion is the greatest cause of death in NSW and many women regret ever having an abortion. Many women suffer from pain and discomfort from the result of an abortion, when they could easily save their babies life and continue on with theirs, by putting it up for adoption. There are many women out there who continue to have abortions. It is the safest surgical procedure and if abortion became illegal it would result in even more deaths. Unwanted babies can ruin not only teenagers but many other women’s careers, sometimes resulting in an unsuccessful life. Abortion has and continues to be a major issue in society that clearly needs to be resolved.

Each year there are sixty to seventy million abortions which occur worldwide, eighty thousand of those occur in Australia and forty thousand occur in New South Wales alone. Forty-one percent of deaths that occur in Australia are caused from having abortions, this makes it the greatest cause of death in Australia. The first place that a baby lives is in the womb. Although it may seem very safe and secure for the baby, it is actually the most dangerous place for an Australian to live. Eight-hundred abortions are performed each week in New South Wales and ninety-eight percent of those are done for convenience. Sometimes teenagers may not want their parents to find out that they ever got pregnant or maybe the family is just not ready for the baby.

There are other alternatives to having an abortion which are not only safer but are better for everyone. The main choice being, putting your child up for adoption. This allows you to live your life without worrying about the innocent baby that you’ve killed. It also gives the baby a chance to have a good life as well, with a pair of loving parents who have waited so long for their dream to come true, having their own child. For each abortion that is performed, there are at least ten families that have waited so long to have their very own child. Unfortunately for all those couples, many adoption lists in Australia have either been limited or completely closed for years. There just aren’t enough children available in the world for childless couples.

Abortion is not simply a quick easy procedure that is over and done with no problems. There are a number of effects that you can receive from having an abortion. Ten percent of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, two percent which are major. Minor complications include minor infections, bleeding, fevers, chronic abdominal pain, gastro-intestinal disturbances, vomiting, and Rh sensitisation. The most common major effects include infection, excessive bleeding, embolism, ripping or perforation of the uterus, anaesthesia complications, convulsions, haemorrhage, cervical injury, and endotoxic shock. Abortion of a first pregnancy interrupts the growth and hormonal changes which enable the breast to produce milk, this leaves the breast at a high risk of cancer. The millions of induced abortions occurring around the world has accounted for the mysterious jump in the breast cancer rate.

As well as the Physical effects of abortion, there are also the emotional effects. Many women suffer from Post Abortion Syndrome which at its worst can lead to suicide. It is understood to be a type of post- traumatic stress disorder and often involves postnatal depression, suicidal behaviour, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, family breakdown and child neglect or abuse. The biggest effect from abortion for most women would have to be regret.

According to a survey of women effected by abortions, ninety- five percent of women today don’t believe they made the right decision. This will impact on them greatly as they will continue living their lives thinking about what it would be like if they had kept that baby. They also feel guilt as they have killed an innocents life.

Abortion was once a very dangerous procedure but now it is extremely safe. In 1973 the death risk from abortion was 3.4 deaths per 100,000 women. Before 1973 there were even more deaths as it was an illegal procedure, many unqualified people who didn’t know what they are doing, undertook the procedure and often used hangers and other sharp objects. By 1985 the death risk had dropped to .4 deaths per 100,000 women, and today it is very rare for a woman to die from the result of an abortion. It is now said to be among the safest surgical procedures available. Because abortions have been made legal in most countries, there has been notice of a fifteen percent more decrease in the crime rate in those countries that conduct abortions frequently. This is due to the fact that there aren’t any unqualified people undertaking the procedure anymore, it is now very professional.

Many women and teenagers are unable to cope with having a baby who is mentally or physically disabled or who is the result of rape. This is quite understandable especially for teenagers and elderly women. It is hard enough for teenagers to look after a baby, let alone a baby that requires full attention and has special needs. One case that has occurred was that a teenage girl who had down syndrome got pregnant with a baby who also had the syndrome. The teenage girl was unable to care for the baby and her parents were far to old to cope with another child. The only choice they had was to have an abortion.

Women or teenagers who are raped are very traumatised as it is, but to become pregnant from the incident is even worse. To think that you are carrying a child as a result of being raped is an absolutely horrifying feeling. Usually you want to try and forget about what happened but having the baby would just bring back far too many terrible memories. Without being able to have an abortion as a result of rape, would mean that many women might have to bring up a baby who was conceived by a very destructive act.

When women fall pregnant, it is not always planned. Some women will have the baby because they were planning to have one eventually anyway and they don’t have any other major worries at the time. For other women and teenagers, it could be the worst thing they could do at the time. A child is not easy to look after and they require a big responsibility. Some teenagers are not ready to take on that responsibility when they find out they’re pregnant, so they have an abortion, which is perfectly safe for them to do. This enables them to live their life a bit longer and think about their career before they start thinking about any commitments. For older women who fall pregnant it is often very dangerous to go through childbirth and there is more of a chance that the baby will have defects or deformities. Abortion is really the best solution in this situation. It saves having to worry about looking after a baby that needs full attention, while at the same time you are trying to look after yourself as you get older.

Abortion is a very strong issue in our society today and has been dealt with in most areas of the world. Some people believe that abortion should definitely be an illegal procedure as you are taking the life of an innocent. Others think that it needs to stay legal, otherwise there may be more deaths than expected. I believe that having an abortion is a very destructive act as you are killing a baby who hasn’t even seen the outside world. The only women who should be legally able to have an abortion are those who’s lives are in danger, have been raped, or who’s baby’s life is in danger. Too many babies out there are being killed just because it is convenient for their mother to have an abortion.

There are also too many people who are dying to have a child of their own but there just aren’t enough on the adoption lists. If your going to go and get yourself pregnant in the first place then I think you should accept the consequences and look after the child, or at least give it to someone else to look after. I’m sure a baby would prefer to come into the world, grow up with a family who loves them and find out they were adopted, than be killed at the age of eight weeks.

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Machiavelli Essay

2009-08-18T06:51:00.000-07:00

Niccolo Machiavelli was a political philosopher of the Renaissance. He lived from 1496-1527. Niccolo Machiavelli was also a very famous painter in his time. He painted many famous paintings that are seen in museums, books, and many other places. He was also involved in government throughout his life. Niccolo Machiavelli was a painter, political philosopher, Italian historian, an statesman for influenced many political leaders in Europe.

Niccolo Machiavelli led a very political life. In 1494, Niccolo Machiavelli became an important diplomat. He spent most of his time over the years writing history, political philosophy, and plays. The Renaissance was a time of political conflict. Niccolo took part in diplomatic missions through France, Germany, and Italy. In later years, he was forced to retirement of the political business. Machiavelli was known as the “father of modern political theory”.

Niccolo Machiavelli had many political writings. Many of Machiavelli’s writings reflected political issues. He wrote about the world around him and his life in the Renaissance. He witnessed many changes in the environment and wrote about them.

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote one political treatise titled The Prince. The Prince was written during a time of tragedy in the Renaissance. Many things Machiavelli wrote about had to deal with politics and violence. The Prince was written in 1513. Although it was written then, it was published however until 1532 and Machiavelli’s death. The theme of this book is about preservation of authority and the establishment of it.

Because of The Prince, Machiavelli is considered one of the greatest early modern analyzers of the political power.

In 1498, Machiavelli served as a civil servant in Florence. Later in 1512, Machiavelli was imprisoned and the republic failed.

Machiavelli had many jobs over his lifetime. He was the head of the second chancery in 1498. Niccolo was also the secretary of council and he studied political tactics. He also studied the strength of a nation with only one prince. In 1509, Machiavelli led a small army to free Pisa. Later in his life, for 5 years he worked as a historiographer.

Niccolo Machiavelli had hard times in his life. He lost his place in politics and very much wanted it back. When he wrote The Prince, he wrote it to try and regain favoritism by Medici. In the end, Medici didn’t agree with what Machiavelli said in The Prince and ended up rejecting Machiavelli’s proposal to have that job back.

Machiavelli also wrote a book titled “Discourses On Livy”. The book was on Machiavelli’s full political philosophy. Niccolo also wrote a biography on the Life of Castruccio Castracani. He wrote many plays and also many poems. His most famous poem was The Mandrake. The Mandrake was written in 1524. Machiavelli also wrote the History of Florence in 1525. The History of Florence tells about chronicles of the city. Machiavelli also wrote the Art of the War in 1521. That book describes mercenary troops and their lives.

Niccolo Machiavelli was a very productive leader. Over all of his tragedies that happened in his life, he still overcame all of it. He worked very hard producing plays that have become very famous over the years. He wrote The Prince, which is a very well populated piece today. Not only did Machiavelli produce plays but he also wrote poems and biographies for people. Many of his quotes that he resighted in The Prince are still remembered today and used greatly. He was also a very significant political leader and went very far in government.

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Death Penalty Research Paper

2009-08-17T03:39:00.000-07:00

Lethal injection has become the preferred method of execution in the United States since the early 80's. But is lethal injection a harsh enough penalty for murder? The answer is no, it is not a good enough punishment for someone who has taken the life of another. Lethal injection is a process that allows a convict to be put down quickly and painlessly, but what happened to the older methods? Methods such as hanging, electrocution, and firing squads are not used in a large scale these days. These methods are the kind that makes the offender miserable for the last moments of their life; these are the methods I think that should be used today. I am going to argue that the life in prison is not enough, the death penalty should be worse than what it is, and public executions have a greater deterrent effect.

There are a lot of families that want more justice to the person who killed a family member then life imprisonment and that is just what they should get. For a family who has one of their own taken from them, the grief they feel is unimaginable. They need justice to be served to aid them to deal with their loss; they need the victim's death to be avenged. Life imprisonment is not enough. It is not a help to a grieving family to let the offender spend the rest of his days in jail, eating three square meals a day and watching TV. Quite frankly, it is not proper justice on behalf of the victim either. Ancient civilizations would not have thought twice about sentencing a person to death for taking the life of another. Opponents of the death penalty would argue that the death penalty is barbaric and inhuman, but what about the murder of innocent people? Is life in prison the punishment we want people to believe they will receive for murder? Prisons these days are state of the art, with weight rooms, work programs, televisions, food, and warm beds.

Prison is a step up from the conditions that some people live in. Life in prison is more of a gift to some people then a punishment. Some people say that life in prison is worse then death because the offender will have to think about what they did every day for the rest of their life. Just knowing what they did is not good enough. Executions do not happen the minute after they commit a crime, there is enough time for them to think about what they have done while they wait for their life to be ended.

Executing life prisoners will save money in long run. If a criminal committed a murder at 18 and lived to the average life expectancy of an American, taxpayers would have to pay for that convict for at least 50 years. If that same criminal was executed at 19 hundreds of thousands of dollars would be saved on that convict alone. In a system that is overworked and overcrowded it could be just the thing to aid the criminal justice system that it so desperately needs. Needed jail space would be freed up for criminals with lesser offenses who might receive probation and commit other offenses. The money it would save would enable a lower amount of money to be allotted to prisons that have to house these inmates who could have received death. That money could in turn be used in programs to help deter people at and early age from committing all types of crimes.

Some murderers will never feel remorse for what they have done, what will life in prison do for those people? There is an old saying "an eye for an eye" and only with that theory can justice be served. Since ancient times criminals have received the death penalty because the crimes they have committed have damaged people and families forever. Murderers are not good enough to receive life in prison. They have committed the ultimate crime, taking the life of another. Allowing convicted murderers to receive the mercy of the courts and get life is the wrong message we want to tell the public. To let murders off easy is an insult to the victims, the families, and society as a whole.

Lethal injection is too lenient of a death penalty for a harsh crime; criminals sentenced to death should receive harsh penalties like the crimes they committed. We should punish a murderer more severely then we do today. It is hard for a family to just go watch a prisoner get an injection, after all, the victim most likely received a more violent death then an injection. Justice for murderers should be more violent. Why should they just give them a little injection when they did worse to their victim? The punishment system should be just the same as what the murderer did. For example, if a murderer shot somebody in the arm, and the next day they died, then he or she should be shot in front of their family. Let them suffer. If he does not die, then shoot him again.

The 8th amendment prevents cruel and unusual punishments. The amendment was established in part because Supreme Court justices felt that personal vengeance has no place in the criminal justice system. The fate of a murderer was left to a jury of people that did not know the victim, most likely have never had anyone they love taken from them in cold blood, and do not know what it feels like knowing someone they loved suffered the way the victim did. I think the amendment should be abolished. Maybe it is time families got a little vengeance. There is no end in sight for murders so why not allow the families of victims to avenge the deaths of their loved ones, and allow them to get the proper justice they seek. The loss of a loved one to a horrible death is unimaginable, and then for the person who took that loved one away from a family to just go to sleep and never wake up again is not enough. "Robert E. Crowe, the Illinois stateТs attorney" was a great supporter of the death penalty. "I urge capital punishment for murder," he once exclaimed, "not because I believe that society wishes to take the life of a murderer, but because society does not wish to lose its own" (Kronenwetter)".

In England, many years ago, they used a different kind of death penalty. Instead of using a regular death penalty, they would torture their prisoner until they were dead. In the late middle Ages, European countries executed people for minor offenses; England primarily reserved the death penalty for such relatively serious crimes as murder, treason, rape, arson, and robbery. However, pick-pockets and other petty thieves were most often executed. Hanging and beheading were the most common executions. This is what the United States should start doing. If we would begin to hang and behead murderers, then their definitely would not be any more crimes committed. In England, the array of crimes punishable by death has increased over the years, until the early nineteenth century more than two hundred different crimes had become capital offenses.

The death penalty in the American colonies was a little similar to ours in this day. Treason and murder is what made them give the death penalty. Certain country's have different regulations for the death penalty. Murder was the capital crime in the colonies, as was treason or rebellion. In the Massachusetts colony, cursing one's parents was a capital crime. This information is a great help for our capital punishment system. We need to start following the laws from back then. The little crimes we can do away with, but to hang or behead someone would be a lot more deterrent.
In the wake of the American Revolution, the U. S. Constitution gave both the states and the federal government the right to set their own criminal penalties. "The very first congress of the United States passed federal laws making death the penalty for rape and murder, and each of the original states made other crimes punishable by death as well (Kronenwetter)". These executions go a little to far for the crimes they committed back then, but if we use some of those punishments these day's, then there definitely will not be any crimes.

While the United States is seen as barbaric to other countries because most do not have the death penalty, they do not have the murder rates we do. Other countries do not have violent murderers like we do either. If we can not prevent murders, we can at least use harsher penalties to punish offenders. Penalties like hanging, electrocution, firing squad, and the gas chamber need to be reintroduced. The current punishments would make us believe that people who take another person's life should receive the same treatment as a sick family pet, a simple injection that brings about a quick, painless death. Is that really justice for a murder victim? If murder victims could have their say they would want murderers to suffer the same pain that they did, but unfortunately they cannot have their say because their lives were savagely cut short. The only way for victims to receive the justice they deserve is for their assailant should suffer like they did.

Executions alone are not enough of a deterrent. Executions that are opened to the public could be just the deterrent we need. The number of murderers committed increases everyday. Why can't we stop them? This has been a question for as long as time. Putting the injection to them will not stop anything. Think about it, if everyone in the world could watch a murderer get executed, who would want to kill anyone anymore. They would not want to go through what they have seen, so maybe it will change their mind and make them think before they do so. In the old days when there were public executions there were no where near as many murders as there are today. All executions were public in the old days including hangings here in the United States. Public executions were done away with because they were seen as barbaric, but how will people in the world today realize the punishments for killing if they do not know what an execution is like? Just telling people killing is wrong is not enough. They need a mental image to be able to put with the thought of murder. Public executions are just the thing that would make people learn murder is wrong and it carries with it a harsh penalty.

Penalties such as hanging, electrocution, and the firing squad should be used more often. We do not have to go as far as some Arabic countries where people get mutilated until they die, but we do need to make harsher penalties viewable to the masses. The government should show the executions on television, and open the executions up to a public audience. People would not even have to view the execution to get the effects of it. The media would talk about it enough that the message would be conveyed to everyone. The harsh penalties would be the deterrent they were always meant to be.

The death penalty has been in murky water since the early 80's. Even with the most painless method available used the country as a whole is still seen as barbaric throughout the world. The greatest civilizations in history all used the death penalty and a much harsher penalties then used today. From the Egyptians to the Romans, and the Middle Ages until today the death penalty has always been used. While it has always been used, no civilization has ever used a painless method as such as we use today. That is why there were not murderers like there are today. Every one knew the punishment for murder was a painful and severe death. Now murderers can receive life imprisonment instead of the death penalty allowing them to spend the rest days behind bars watching TV. Harsher death penalties would help relieve the grief victims families will feel after the loss of their loved ones. Death is the only right way to avenge the death of any victim that they can not get any other way. Death penalties have never been a great deterrent but they have been even less of a deterrent since they have been made less painful and private. Only a modified harsher death penalty can help severe crimes to been seen as morally wrong to the public as a whole. Robert Crowe said, "It is the finality of the death penalty which instills fear in the heart of every murderer, and it is this fear of punishment which protects society (Kronenwetter)".

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Periodic Table Essay

2009-08-16T06:32:00.000-07:00

The periodic table is a table in which all of the known elements are listed. The table arranges the elements in order of increasing proton number to show the similarities of chemical elements. Therefore elements with structural similarities & atomic number are placed together. These elements can be placed into two different categories, metals & non-metals. These elements can then be sub divided into 4 groups; Alkali, non-metals, transition & inner-transitions. If read horizontally the size of the atoms increases from metals to non-metals, yet when read vertically, all of the elements in the same group have the same number of electrons, which means they all behave in the same manner.

The first man to describe the periodic table was Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, whom was interested in chemistry. Mendeleev was determine to prove that elements in fact followed certain patterns. Mendeleev used the properties of the 57 known elements to group them. He used the first version of the periodic table to place elements where they seemed to belong. He also left blank spaces in the appropriate squares. After the elements had been laid out he was able to, in detail, predict the chemical & physical tendencies of the elements. Hydrogen didn’t fit into his pattern so he put it in a box of it’s own. A new row was started each time an element was discovered with properties similar to those in the first row. When read top to bottom there are various similarities to be found in the table, identicalas to when read left to right. This is the basis for the modern periodical table.

The elements in the periodic table are arranged in a manner that places them in order of increasing proton number in “Groups” which are the columns, & “Periods” which are the rows. There are 8 groups of electrons; each named by the number of electrons inside the outer shell of the atoms of the elements of that group. Groups 2 & 3 are the transition metals group. The elements in this group have properties, which depend on the number of electrons within the inner shell. The atomic number of the elements increases by one as you horizontally read the table. When you read vertically down the table each period corresponds to the new outer shell of electrons surrounding the nucleus. As multiple shells are added the atoms of elements down a group get larger.

From 57 elements in Dmitri’s time of discovery to the 104 known elements today, the periodic table has helped to establish the properties & values of both new & old elements. The table is used every day by hundreds of people around the world. The data in the table provides information to anyone who seeks it.

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Segmentation Strategies Essay

2009-08-14T09:06:00.000-07:00

Abstract
This essay mainly focuses on the AHBAI website, promoting their Proud Lady hair care and beauty products and merchandise. Their main focus is on the large Black Community within the US, but they are also starting to go abroad as well. They provide job opportunities, scholarships and training within the desired industry and are a thriving association in representation of Black-owned manufacturing companies. Their segmentation variables reflect on how they selected their target market and also how they had decided to communicate to their product and service to their target audience.

Introduction
Marketing is much more involved than just the business of selling and advertising of products and services. Of course it is the main aspect of marketing, but it does branch out to many different areas of processing before a product or service are ready to be presented to the consumers. There has to be a need or want for a product or service before it is established and then it is to be designed in order to satisfy the audience. However, the total market consists of a large population therefore there must be further research to be carried out, as a means to select the potential market and this is where segmentation occurs. Once all the characteristics have been identified through segmentation, a target market is achieved where those consumers with similar needs in relation to the product or service, are grouped. The next step in this process is the communication medium of which the marketer would choose that would be effective in getting the message of the product or service, across to the target audience.

A growing communication medium includes the Internet where it is easily accessible to the market. This report identifies a company’s website and how effective it is reaching its target market. Beginning from the determination of their segmentation objectives to their target market, and identifying their communication objectives. The company that will be in focus for this particular report is the American Health and Beauty Aids Institute (AHBAI), the trade company in association with The Proud Lady beauty products. AHBAI is an internationally renowned trade association representing the world’s leading Black-owned companies that manufacture ethnic hair care and beauty related products featuring the Proud Lady Symbol.

Segmentation
All products and services rely on the use of market segmentation for appropriate advertising purposes and it can be seen as a vital management tool. Schiffman defines market segmentation as the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs and characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct marketing mix (2001, pg. 54). Hawkins view of segmentation involves in the development of specific marketing programs targeted at consumer groups with unique needs and/or purchasing processes (1994, pg. 9). Since companies vary between what they can offer to their markets, segmentation has been proven to be efficient and effective in regards to selecting and serving their segment of the market, in which they can provide the best service within that segment.

Market segmentation also allows marketers of consumer goods and services identify the needs of the market and can usually provide the marketer with the opportunity to expand their target market or enter a new market to satisfy more effectively the specific needs or wants of particular consumers (Schiffman, Bednall, Cowley, O’Cass, Watson, Kanuk 2001, pg. 55). It shows that this is an effective practice rather than aiming at all potential customers and taking other competition head on, companies secure themselves by targeting a section of that market and specialising in features that appeal to their consumers (Poulos, M. 2001, pg. 12).

Segmentation studies can assist the marketer to design existing and new products to satisfy newly discovered needs and wants of specific groups in the target market. This can involve in the redesign and the repositioning of existing products or even the addition of a new market segment. However, the segmentation strategy relies on establishing the appropriate bases, which include geographic factors, demographic factors, psychological characteristics, psychographic characteristics and sociocultural variables.

Geographic Segmentation
Through geographic segmentation, the market is divided by location. This is followed through by the theory that people who live in the same area share some similar needs and wants which differ from those people who live in other areas. There can be many variables that can affect this segmentation by location, which therefore does not allow the same marketing strategies that can apply to one location, to a totally different location like for example, climatic and regional differences.

In relation to this variable, the AHBAI website mainly focuses on the American population but not only focuses on production in America as they’re ‘Proud Lady Symbol can be found over 3,500 different products in the United States and abroad ’.

Demographic Segmentation
Demographic segmentation identifies those characteristics that are identifiable and measurable statistic of the population. These characteristics include age, gender, marital status, income, occupation and education, which can provide the basis for this particular segmentation. Demographic segmentation can be seen as the major factor when marketers need to locate a target market, as it is often the most accessible and cost-effective way (Schiffman et al 2001, pg. 59).

The AHBAI website doesn’t really focus on a demographic segment in particular, but they do focus on the more ethnic population of America. They eagerly promote that the AHBAI members are there to ‘serve Black America by providing jobs and scholarships and by teaching consumers how to recycle their dollars in the Black community’ . The website purely expresses that they are there to serve the Black American community and the demographics that they have focused on is mainly those who want to get into health and beauty care. As already mentioned before, AHBAI offers to their community, scholarships, internships or training, which therefore covers a lot of aspects in the demographic segment. Students who want to have a career in health and beauty and are fresh out of high school, seem to be a target segment for AHBAI however they do not outline the ages that they are observing, but they do take other variables into consideration like academic achievement, school activities and extracurricular activities.

Psychological Segmentation
This variable refers to the more intrinsic qualities of a consumer. Consumer segmentation is usually based on specific psychological variables, for example, their needs and motivations, personality, perceptions, learning, level of involvement and attitudes.

Psychological segmentation pretty much outlines the desires of an individual. Therefore, if someone had the desire to become a hairdresser or beautician, then this segment is all about those individuals. AHBAI focuses on their Proud Lady Beauty Show where they have a World Fantasy Competition. The highlight of this show focuses on the creativity and imagination of the leading Black hair designers have to offer the world.

Psychographic Segmentation
Closely aligned with psychological research is a valuable marketing tool that can help identify future market segments that are likely to be responsive to specific marketing messages. This is the attempt to profile many consumer aspects that includes individual lifestyle, personality, buying motives, interests, attitudes, beliefs and values. Therefore being summed into a consumer’s activities, interests and opinions (AIO). This information may also be acquired through questionnaires.

Pretty much along the lines of the psychological segmentation, the psychographic segmentation appeals to the individual and their main needs and wants in this particular trade.

Sociocultural Segmentation
This segmentation provides a further basis for target marketing. The population has successfully been divided into segments according to stage in the family life cycle, social class, core cultural values, sub cultural memberships and cross-cultural affiliation.
This segmentation variable has been the main focus of the website where the emphasis of the Black American population is expressed. Hand in hand with the demographic segment, which focuses on the race variable, the website tries to keep within these boundaries.

Target Market
After the identification of the bases for consumer segmentation, marketers are required to select one or more of the segments to target with the appropriate targeting mix. These are further explained in the following.

Identifiable
Marketers must be able to identify and measure the relevant characteristics to divide a market into separate segments on the basis of a common need that is relevant to the product or service. Therefore they have to gather the appropriate information, where some segments are easily identifiable or observable, for example geography (location) or the consumer’s demographic (age, gender, occupation, race). Whereas some you may need to acquire through the use of a questionnaire or survey, these characteristics may include education, income and marital status.

AHBAI satisfies this requirement in their marketing strategy where ‘the Proud Lady is a symbol of pride, hope and dignity and a promoter of economic growth in the Black Community’ . It also assures consumers that the product was manufactured by a stronger Black America.

Sufficient
Marketers have to keep in mind that a worthwhile target market has to have a relatively sufficient number of people to be able to tailor the specific needs or interests of the consumer towards a product or service. To estimate the size of the target market, the marketer can use the secondary demographic data which would definitely be provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), or undertake a probability survey themselves, which can then be a guide in reflection of the total market. In regards to AHBAI’s target market, the Black American community is quite substantial in the US.

Stability
There has to be some sort of relative stability amongst the consumers in terms of needs, and demographic and psychological factors, which are more than likely to grow and expand over time. Marketers tend to avoid those segments that are highly unpredictable, which are sometimes observed through the teenagers as they are a sizeable and easily identifiable market segment because they are eager to buy, eager to spend and easy to reach, however their attention span are quite limited.

Stability is satisfied through their target market for those who are interested in a profession in regards to this particular trade in hairdressing and beauty care.

Accessibility
Accessibility to the target market is one of the most important criteria for effective targeting is because marketers have to find the most effective way to target the desired market segment in an efficient and economical way. There are many different communication means which can include television programs or special interest magazines that marketers can use to reach their target market with minimum waste circulation and competition, but they are also always in search or other communication mediums. This would definitely include the Internet. This has been a growing phenomenon, where messages are constantly in the hands of the consumer, whenever and wherever they want.

As the main focus is of the website, it’s accessibility is quite straightforward and simple to navigate. There is no clutter of excess information, just necessary details the company. The hair care and beauty products are in no doubt easily accessible.

Communication Objectives
Once market segmentation and target marketing has been achieved, the marketer has to establish their communication strategy, involving in the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver through some kind of channel or medium. Even this is involved in a process, beginning from identifying the communication objectives, then selecting the appropriate audience for the message and the appropriate media through which to reach them, and then design the message so that it is appropriate to the medium and the audience (Schiffman et al 2001, pg. 264).

Communication Strategy
In developing the communication strategy, the marketer has to identify the primary communication objectives, which may include creating awareness of a service, promoting sales of a product, attracting retail patronage, creating goodwill or a favourable image and any other objectives that the company might want to promote. The essential component of a communication strategy is selecting the appropriate target audience and what the company seeks to accomplish with its promotional program, which are often stated in terms of the nature of the message to be communicated or what specific communication effects are to be achieved (Belch & Belch 2001, pg. 30). However, marketers should keep in mind that each individual of the target audience are different according to their own traits, characteristics, interests, needs, experience and knowledge, therefore segmenting the audience into different groups that are homogenous in terms of some relevant characteristic (Schiffman et al 2001, pg. 264). The marketer is then able to create specific messages for each target group, keeping in mind the budget available to present these messages to the audience.

The Internet is a very successful way of trying to get messages through to a target audience. AHBAI in this respect managed to inform their audience about how and why they are a substantiated company and what they had to offer to their target audience. If the website was not of sufficient information, then they are able to further contact the home source either by correspondence, phone or email.

Conclusion
Segmentation is a vital management tool that marketers require to identify their target market to effectively and efficiently promote their product or service. Marketers are also able to expand that same target market or enter a new market in response to their consumers needs and wants. AHBAI serves the Black American community and those who want to have a profession in the hair and beauty industry. Their target market is quite substantial as the community is rather large in the US. Their communication medium may not only lie within the Internet, as they may have other promotional methods, like advertisements on television. However, their beauty shows are also a promotional method in which to promote their hair care and beauty products and they also are selling a couple of their Proud Lady merchandise which can be purchased through a form attached to the site.

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Lyme Disease Research Paper

2009-08-13T06:40:00.000-07:00

Lyme disease is a tick-borne systemic infection cause by a spiral organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, characterized by neurologic, joint, and cardiac manifestations. Lyme disease is carried by a tiny tick. It begins with a bite and a rash that can be so slight, you may not even notice. However the consequences can be serious, sometimes even fatal. Lyme disease can create symptoms that mimic a wide variety of other diseases, ranging from juvenile arthritis to multiple sclerosis to Alzheimer’s disease.

The birth of Lyme disease started in Lyme, Connecticut. The disease was found in the 1960’s. Polly Murray moved to Lyme, Connecticut in 1959 with her four children. Within a few years of living in Lyme she began having periodic flu-like illnesses, headaches, and odd rashes. When she first went to the doctor they thought she had rheumatic fever and the doctors gave her penicillin. This helped for a little while but the symptoms returned in the spring and summer. In the early 1970’s Murray asked her doctor if this illness could be a delayed reaction to a tick bite, because she knew she had been bitten by ticks over the years. The doctor said no because she had no symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and in those days that was the only disease people thought was caused by ticks. Soon kids all over her neighborhood were coming down with the same symptoms. Murray kept at it and told everyone about the problems she had and had no answers for them. Later research found that her problems came from a tick called a Ixodes dammini tick.

Symptoms of Lyme disease can be highly variable from one person to another and also can vary dramatically over time in one person. Although there is a classic pattern of illnesses in Lyme disease, it is not expressed in nearly half of all patients. This can make spotting the disease extraordinary difficult and living with it frustrating and painful. The disease progresses in three stages. In the first stage the symptom most commonly experienced by people with Lyme disease is a distinctive rash. This symptom is only experienced with about 60% of patients with Lyme disease. This rash is called EMC, which means a ”red, chronic, migrating rash.” It is most likely to appear a week after the tick bite but may occur from two to thirty days after such a bite. if not treated the rash will disappear on its own, usually within about three weeks. Along with the rash, or often in its absence, the patient often experiences a flu-like illness. About 60 to 80 percent of those who have the rash will experience such flu-like symptoms simultaneously. The symptoms may include: headache, fever, chills, aching muscles, stiff neck, loss of appetite, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. Months later the second stage will kick in which includes various neurologic, cardiac, and joint manifestations. The third stage which eventually occurs in some untreated patients, is characterized by chronic arthritis and various neurologic problems. Some patients do not experience any of these symptom. In these cases doctors wonder if the patients will ever experience any symptoms of Lyme disease.

One of the greatest problems surrounding medical care for Lyme disease is the problem of diagnosis. Diagnostic tests are not likely to be done unless the physician has what is known as high index of suspicion of the disease, which means that he or she is ever on the lookout for it. Even when Lyme disease is suspected, currently available diagnostic tests often yield false negative results and are believed to identify correctly only about half of all confirmed cases, especially early in the disease. If not diagnosed and treated promptly, the disease may seem to disappear only to resurface months or years later. The diagnostic blood test currently available commercially for Lyme disease does not actually look for Borrelia burgdorferi but the spirochete that causes the disease.

The two general blood test used: an immunofluorescence test and an ELISA. Two other tests are used in research laboratories. One is the cell test and the other actually seeks the spirochete. Many physicians are pinning their hopes on a new test for Lyme disease now under development. It looks neither for the spirochete itself nor for the antibodies. Rather, it seeks out spirochete antigens in blood or urine and would therefore allow the disease to be diagnosed even before antibodies formed.

Depending on the individual patient, and one of several drugs antibiotics may be used, usually starting with oral drugs, pills, given for at least ten to fourteen days. When the patient has Lyme disease there are many medications available. In adults: Tetracycline, 500 milligrams by mouth four times a day or Phenoxymethyl penicillin, 500 milligrams by mouth four times a day. In children age eight and older: Tetracycline, 12.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, by mouth every six hours (up to two grams per day) or Phenoxymethyl penicillin, 12.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, by mouth every six hours (up to two grams per day). In children under eight years of age: Erythromycin, 12.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, by mouth every six hours (up to two grams per day).

If you have Lyme disease once in your life you should never forget it. Whenever you have new symptoms in the future, even symptoms that seem totally unrelated, and you see a physician, be sure to give the doctor a complete medical history, including your bout with Lyme disease. Our experience with Lyme disease is too short of duration to know for sure what lies ahead. Once cured you may never have new symptoms, but then again, you may. Only the collective experience of patients and physicians working together with full knowledge will eventually yield all the answers.

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Gender Politics Essay

2009-08-13T06:36:00.000-07:00

In our modern society, where technology and popular culture are major influences, the media sets our social norms on how we view and react to both gender roles. It does not matter where a person looks, they can see some form media – such as an advertisement, television show, or just the music we listen too. The inability to escape from the media makes it easy for a person to become saturated with homogenous messages of gender stereotypes, which eventually become the common beliefs throughout the entire society. When it comes to gender roles, the media sends out a message that a male or female should look and act a specific way if you are anything less of that then you do not fit in the social category of normal. These messages create many gender stereotypes, such as an individual’s opinion on their personal appearance, their role in society, or even specific characteristics that they think they should have to be their gender. If the media was not just controlled by a few large corporations, but by many smaller companies it would give society the freedom of choice to choose media with a message they believe instead of just saturating them with dominant, homogenous messages.

The media plays a major role in establishing a certain physical appearance which is ideal for a gender type, and in both cases it is a perfectly fit, well groomed appearance that is made to be what everyone should have and if not, working to get. By doing this they set standards of perfection that few can obtain, and it is because of this they are able to ensure a profitable market forever, the main goal for all types of media. By looking at one source of media such as magazine advertisements it is very easy to see similarities between different ads, such as the type of people that are in the ads, or even the way the photographer emphasizes certain body parts depending on the sex of the person in the advertisement. Males that appear in advertisements are generally tall, dark, and handsome, with a muscular body, which creates an image that every male should look like this or they are not masculine. This can give other males who may not have these physical characteristics a sense that they are less a of a man, because they don’t have huge muscles for example, they are left to think that they are not as masculine as the males they see all the time in advertisements. The same can be seen with an even greater emphasis on body perfection for females in all forms of media. When looking at an advertisement that features a female it can seen that the photographer made sure that the entire body is shown, where as in an advertisement for males there would more emphasis on the face. On average the male face is emphasized 43% more in advertisements than female faces (Cartarphen and Zavoina, 1999, p.114). The female body is generally portrayed as being thin, having good body curvature, good complexion, and having a thick luscious head of hair. This message can be seen throughout the entire spectrum of media, from blockbuster movies to children’s television programs. For example 70% of girls and 40% of boys (www.childrennow.org) said that they want to look like the characters that they see on television, which shows that the media is affecting both genders and that females are subjected to even greater pressure to fall into these social norms. A lot of the time the message being sent out is so subtle that it goes unnoticed at the time, but when you look at the big picture it adds to the perfection message and gives femininity a set of guild lines made by the media. For all the females they do not fall between the guild lines boundaries are considered to less feminine then another female who possesses the qualities that are said to be ideal.

Another aspect of appearance that the media has a major gender influence on is our clothing. They set a certain dress code for society. Media shows that for a male to be considered masculine they must wear things like jeans and a t-shirt, and for a female to me considered feminine they must wear things like dresses and hairs bows. In all forms of media these stereotypical gender role wardrobes are evident, where the little girl on television will be wearing a dress with her hair all done up in bows, and the little boys will be in their ripped blues jeans and a t-shirt. If a male or female decides to break away from the so call norm the media would show them getting singled out, or even getting made fun of for not dressing the way their gender says they should dress. For example if a boy was to wear pink or a girl were to wear jeans and a t-shirt to school, they are considered to be different and are not socially accepted by there peers. This message is shown by the media in one form or another all the time, and it takes away a person’s freedom to express themselves in anyway they want because they will not be accepted by society. Since the media is such a major part of our daily lives, change in our beliefs on clothing we should wear or what physical appearance one should have won’t happen until the media changes its message of perfection they deliver to society.

In our Society both gender types have a role that they are suppose to follow, and the media has a great effect in creating which role each gender should occupy. When you take a look at different forms of media it is evident that the media is portraying males as being in positions of power, and females in secondary positions where they are not given much. Power is usually associated with the amount of control, influence, and authority a person has over others, and very important in our society. Power is not equally shared between gender roles, and this is evident when looking at different media sources. In the majority of television families the father (the masculine figure) is seen to be the breadwinner and the mother takes care of the chores around the household, even if she has a job. This gives the male of the family control of the household because he is the one that is making the money that supports the families day to day living. When females are shown to have an occupation it is usually in a position that is similar to what they are thought to be doing at home such as a waitress, a maid, or a nurse, which are all positions were someone else, a male, controls them. Even if they are shown with a job in media, they are still responsible for the same things a housewife would do, which creates this new image of the “superwoman”. By saturating our society with gender stereotyping the media creates a belief that this is how society should be, and it should just be accepted to be that way. This creates problems for both genders because it makes it hard for female to obtain positions of power, or if a male were to work at a position such as a nurse they would be considered to be feminine. The same goes for female because if they do occupy a position of power such as a CEO of a company, then she is considered to be more masculine. These stereotypes are seen all the time in different media types – when they do show the extreme cases just mentioned they are delivered in a context that is meant for humor and not to be taken seriously i.e. the movies “Mr. Mom, and “Miss Doubtfire”.

Another example were power is shown to a masculine trait is comics books, where the male always plays the role of the powerful hero that has to save the poor defenseless female from danger. This shows that even media forms that are focused more towards children share this idea of a masculine dominant society. This makes children believe from a young age that males are the ones of power, and females are weak and dependent on males. The media also creates an image that females are sexual objects and are there for male pleasure or just to look pretty. This is apparent in the pornography industry where it is shown that females are just used by males for what they want, giving males an even more of a sense of power which Marilyn French calls “patriarchal power”. The media images that our society is saturated with create this sense of male power over everything that is important, and gives an image of weakness and dependence for females. It is from this division of power between genders in media, that each gender is given stereotypical characteristics.

When observing the stereotypical messages that the media sends out it is evident that when it comes to characterization, masculinity and femininity are opposites of each other. The typical media type male would be person who had the traits of strong, aggressive, ruthlessness, and individualism, etc, and the typical female would have traits such as weak, passive, sensitive, and dependent, etc. They also create images of what it is to be good or bad at your gender, which would give certain characteristics to what it meant to be bad male or a good female. These stereotypes can be seen in all media types, where if they show one gender acting like the other it is not delivered in a serious manner, and is often used to just add humor to the situation. This creates an image in the minds of everyone in society that they must act according to their gender type. Even at a young age children are subjected to different media types that teach them things like boys are aggressive, and that girls should be sensitive and caring. The fact it that they are saturated with these same messages over and over, and because children are so easy influenced they believe whatever they see. It is these media set norms that also create the image that it is not right for a male to cry or show emotions, in which case they are forced to bottle up their feelings. If a male shown in media expresses himself like a so-called female, he would then are considered to be less masculine and not accepted by his peers as being one of them. The same goes for females because if they show any sort of aggression they looked at to be masculine, are portrayed by the media as being less desirable by males, and is therefore socially unacceptable. This is particularly evident in the movies industry where the male role is portrayed as some who is hard, and is unafraid during any situation, where the female is always in danger and screaming for help because they are not in control of their emotions.

If a movie were to get a way from their normal characterization, it would be used as the main focus of interest for the movie because it is a rare situation in media and therefore create public interest. A good example of this is the movie “G.I. Jane” where a female is shown being a war hero, but to do this they had to portray her a being hard and more masculine, which was not accepted by most of the other characters in the movie. By creating this image the media has put a type of barrier for females, because it shows the hardship that one would have to go through in order to do something that is not labeled to be for their gender. This makes it less desirable for the people of society to make it their goal in life to no something (i.e. an occupation) that does not fit the social norms set by the media. By saturating the public with these stereotypical message the media has laid out guild lines of what is acceptable characteristics for each gender type, and if you do have one of these traits than you are looked down upon, and often segregated from the rest of society.

The main idea here is that our world is filled with different types of media, therefore it is impossible to escape the message they are sending out and making them your own feels and beliefs. But there are also people who argue on behalf of the media by saying that the media is simply entertainment and fantasy, and anything that is viewed should looked from that point of view. Another objective point of view is that the media is simply a window to the real world, and just present things in a way that they are seen in our society. If media were simply a source of entertainment or a window to the real world, way is there so many example that show the negative effects of the media on our people. For example the media and the media alone is responsible for many cases of anorexia, or bulimia because the message people are receiving from the media is that there own bodies are not good enough, and they should look a certain way in order to be part of society. With our changing society that is heading in the direction of gender equality, it is evident that the media plays a major role in slowing the process down, because the message they send out is homogenous and puts stereotypes on each gender role. This is caused by the fact that media is run by only a few large corporations which are primarily run by males, therefore the message they send out are the ones that these big corporation want us to see in order to benefit them, not society.

In order to correct this problem of homogeneous saturation of the same stereotypical message, the large media corporations would have to be split into a large number of smaller companies. By doing this it would create a more diverse message being sent out to the public, and subject people to more than just a small amount of people’s opinions on society should be like. This diverse message would give people more freedom of choice to what they want to wear, how they act, or what type of job they want to occupy. They could do this without having to worry about people not accepting them for who they are, because the media says that is not the way they are suppose to be. This would allow our society to grow in a more positive direction, one that is for gender equality instead of against it.

In our modern society the values and beliefs that people have for themselves and each other, come from the homogeneous message that the media gives to society. In all forms of media such as television, movies, magazines, music etc, it is evident that they create and maintain gender stereotypes such as looking certain way, what role in society a gender should occupy, and even which characteristics a gender should have to be considered normal. It is these stereotypes maintained by media that cause society to be saturated with the same idea of how treat people that do not fall into the social norms and it takes away peoples freedom of choice to be whatever they want to be. The media has the power to shape society the way they see fit for them, it is because of these concentrated male operated corporations that has our society is based on male power. If the large corporations were to break into large number small companies, it would create diversity on the type of media that society is subjected too.

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Emma and Clueless Essay

2009-08-12T05:57:00.000-07:00

The transformation of Jane Austen’s novel Emma into Amy Heckerling’s movie Clueless does not trivialise the original text, but rather, enriches it by repositioning the responder. Clueless allows for a whole new understanding of Austen’s Emma. An apparently superficial teen flick whose onion-like layers of meaning are peeled back one by one. The class structure and social mores evaluated in Emma are transformed in Clueless, reflecting modern values and relationship powerplays.

The similarities of each text comments on the universality or unchanging nature to aspects of humanity. It is looking at the modern day equivalents in each text that we see can the contrasting values of these starkly different worlds. Thus, on close examination, comparisons are revealed, making the process a truly enriching transformation. By examining heroines in both texts, we are forced to revisit familiar themes and issues.

Heckerling’s characters may use the language of the 1990s and have modern-day interests and occupations, but they depict similar traits as Austen’s characters: they display self-interest, vanity and practise deception but also demonstrate personal growth and perceptive honesty. Heckerling does this in a persuasive and engaging manner in order to target a larger audience.

Heckerling conveys a similar message by utilizing and exploiting the technique of film. It is true as Jocelyn Harris writes, “In an age when the visual is said to have superceded the verbal, the movie Clueless provides extraordinary pleasures to people who still read books.” It takes Austen several chapters to introduce her characters – Heckerling is able to do it in seconds through facial expressions, tone of voice, style of dress, gestures, body language and the frame of shot. Thus, Heckerling caters for a wider and more literate audience.

Heckerling establishes immediately that Cher will be the subject of dramatic irony. She opens the film displaying teenage lifestyle as it’s portrayed in TV commercials, but for these teenagers this surreal world is the real world. The audience is then introduced to Cher’s voice-over, whose incongruity with the images on the screen is a source of dramatic irony. There’s a comical gap between her assertion that she “actually [has] a way normal life for a teenager” and the image of her choosing her outfit on a custom-built computer programme that drives an electronic wardrobe.

Clueless has the ability to appeal to all intellectual levels and entertain all viewers, an aspect which the novel Emma lacks. While Heckerling uses filmic techniques, Austen on the other hand uses dramatic irony. Although an educated person would not have trouble understanding the novel, someone of less intelligence would find Emma difficult to comprehend.

The social values connected with Clueless are a clever interpretation of morals set in a world familiar to mass audiences of the 21st century. Social context is strongly distinguishable, with the use of technology and machinery. Everyone in the film owns a mobile phone, beeper, and an expensive car. This instantly identifies the technological revolution, and the symbols of wealth, consumerism, superficiality and prestige.

Clueless succeeds in making the other characters of the novel updated to make them more relevant to modern audiences. Many characters have been transformed to fit the social contexts of today, in a different gender, personality or relationship to Cher over their forerunning characters. Heckerling transforms the character of Emma’s governess Mrs Weston to the younger more modern Dionne, a 17 year old, wealthy, well-dressed socially conscious character of African American origin. Heckerling has not only targets the audience of adolescent girls and boys, but also creates a politically correct and very modern atmosphere by making Cher’s best friend, the recreated Mrs Weston, as a young and vivacious black woman.

Heckerling reassesses new values, but also maintains the author’s ironic voice and moral sense. The director illuminates the ongoing issue of woman’s place in a patriarchal society as well as the miasma of self-awareness and the realisation of love. She renovates old rhetorical devices to create new insights. The spirit of transforming Emma serves to generate a new network of relationships that makes Clueless an undoubtedly enrichment to Jane Austen’s Emma.

Clueless is a clever transformation of a classic text. It ultimately engages a wider and generally more literate audience who appreciate the verbal and the visual.
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Emily Dickinson Essay

2009-08-12T05:51:00.000-07:00

There is a definite struggle between the materialist and the transcendentalist. These two waves of thinking are in complete conflict with each other because they display opposite views. The materialist believes that physical matter is the only reality and that everything can be explained in terms of matter, while the transcendentalist asserts the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and is knowable through intuition. As we read through the poetry of Emily Dickinson, it may be easy to classify her as materialist. But by looking at three of her poems: “I taste a liquor never brewed”, “There’s a certain Slant of light”, and “I died for Beauty”, we can see that Dickinson evidently displays some of the characteristics of transcendentalist thought: nature, transcendentalist language, and spiritual wellbeing.

A language or “vocabulary list” that coincide with the beliefs of a way of thinking has accompanied each new wave of thought that has been introduced into our world. For example, in the time of the Enlightenment, the language revolved around equality, liberty, and freedom of rights etc. It is the same for transcendentalism. Those who adhere to the beliefs of transcendentalism will obviously speak of ideals such as truth, morality, harmony etc. It is this type of language that comes through in Dickinson’s poem “I died for Beauty”. This poem is filled with the ideal rather than the materialistic. The author describes herself as one who dies for beauty, and is soon joined in the grave by “one who died for Truth.” Both of these ideals “themsel[ves] are one, we Brethren, are”. Only the transcendentalist would ascribe truth and beauty as principles worth dying for. Thus her transcendental language comes forth in her search for the meaning behind death.

Another characteristic of transcendental thought is the focus on nature. In “I taste a liquor never brewed” Dickinson talks of the drunkenness that comes from the nature around her. This state of inebriation comes not “from Tankards scooped in Pearl” or “all the Frankfort Berries” but “reeling… from inns of Molten Blue” and “Debauchee of Dew”. The beauty of nature elates her and she uses the metaphor of drunkenness to explain this exhilaration. And according to Dickinson, nature will continue to inebriate her till “Butterflies—renounce their ‘drams’” of nectar and foxgloves stop blooming. She ends this poem with an image of her leaning against the sun, ending the poem with the setting of the sun. The poem is about the joy that nature can bring and Dickinson’s background with transcendental thinking is strongly evident in this piece.

The last characteristic of transcendentalism that Dickinson displays is spiritual well being. In the poem “There’s a certain Slant of light” Dickinson describes a beam “of light/That oppresses, like the Heft/ Of Cathedral Tunes.” This beam spills over us and “we can find no scar/But internal difference/Where the Meanings, are.” Dickinson is not just evaluating the spiritual well being of every human being, but rather is searching for that source of the spiritual. She looks past the light itself and focuses on the affect of the light. “When it comes, the Landscape listens/ Shadows hold their breath.” The materialistic would not wonder at the affects of this light, nor would they search for a higher meaning behind it. But because of her transcendentalist views, Dickinson is stepping out and taking us with her as she questions as to the “Heavenly Hurt, [the light] gives us”. Her transcendentalist background is visible as we journey with her.

In all of these poems, we can see evidences of Dickinson’s transcendental way of thinking through her focus on nature, the transcendental “language” and spiritual well being. Each poem brings out a new side of Dickinson, whether it is her intoxicating joy of nature, her unification of truth and beauty as ideals worth dying for, or the spiritual reaction she receives through a beam of light. Each poem has something different to bring to us, and this is only enhanced by Dickinson’s transcendentalism. And through her poetry, we are lifted up to experience the joys of the ideal spiritual reality and the searching for the unknown.
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Vampire Essay

2009-08-11T10:06:00.000-07:00

It is incorrect to assume that our culture has stories that are told and re-told afresh for every new generation. However, it is accurate to suggest that although major plot lines within texts may differ to appeal to a particular generation, many aspects and characteristics of these texts are similar as they are derived from the same basic myth. Within the screenplay “Dracula 2000” by Wes Craven and Tom Holland’s “Fright Night” this is profoundly evident. Both these films follow different plots to appeal to different generations, however because these films revolve around the vampire myth, they carry many similar characteristics regardless of the generation when which they were created.

Tom Holland’s ‘Fright Night’ was constructed and released in the twentieth century. It follows the plot of a young man Charlie, who discovers that his latest neighbours are vampires. Charlie believes it is he who must rid the world of these vampires and protect his love interest. With the help of actor Mr. Vincent, Charlie eventually accomplishes this. Wes Craven’s Dracula 2000 however, was constructed and released in the twenty-first century and follows the plot of a group of individuals who in their quest for ancient treasure, release Dracula from his coffin accidentally. Dracula then begins his search for Mary, a woman who he believes is of his kind. Mary then struggles to hide from Dracula, while trying to protect herself and deal with the sudden appearance of her father. Although these texts differ greatly in plots to appeal to their audiences, they carry many similar aspects, as the plots are both structured around the vampire myth.

Symbolism is extremely evident throughout both texts. The colours red and white are used to signify the influence of good and evil and the status of the characters. This is most accurately conveyed in ‘Dracula 2000’ when Dracula bites Mary and attempts to convert her. Once this takes place Dracula and Mary are presented in a room of white while embracing in a bed covered in white sheets. This is purposely created to convey an image of purity and innocence. However, in an instant, everything changes and Mary and Dracula are then presented in a room of red, with Dracula sitting in a bed of crimson alone, and Mary with an expression of confusion, standing adjacent to it. The various images of ruby colours in these scenes symbolise evil and iniquity. This symbolism is associated with the concept that vampires are evil and are therefore symbolised with red, as they attempt to convert an innocent, symbolised by white.
Similarly, the status of the characters in ‘Fright Night’ can be distinguished by the colour of their costume throughout the film. Jerry, the major vampire in the film, is always dressed in dark clothing however, whenever he ventures out to attack, he wears a bright red scarf around his neck. This is a deliberate addition to Jerry’s costume as it presents him as an evil character. In comparison with this, Aimee, Charlie’s girlfriend after being lured and bitten by Jerry, is still dressed in a white dress, which presents her as a pure and innocent character even after she is bitten and attempts to kill Charlie. Although this characteristic of symbolism is used in different contexts, it is similar to both texts. This supports the suggestion that although plots may differ to attract a certain audience, characteristics of the myth, which the texts are based on, do not.

Throughout both texts there is great emphasis on vampire mythology through various iconography used. These elements deal with the psychological component of the vampire myth. The method chosen by both Mary and Charlie to kill the vampires within the films is extremely similar and both carry much influence from the vampire myth while conveying vampire iconography. Both Mary and Charlie choose to carry strings of garlic, stakes, crucifix (also worn) and holy water, as a form of protection and defence. Both vampires that feature in the films reside in coffins and do not enter sunlight. Jerry and Dracula possess an unnatural level of strength and do not enter a location unless invited first. Both vampires die by means of being stabbed in the heart with a stake, when which they crumble to ash. These characteristics are common to both texts, however the main story of the texts are quite different to appeal to a particular generation, which contradicts the statement that our culture has stories that are told and re-told afresh for every new generation.

The vampires within the texts carry a charismatic aura, which, at the sight of them, instantly attracts both female and male characters to their charm. This sexual attraction felt by passers-by assist the vampire in luring their victims. In ‘Dracula 2000’, Dracula’s primary victim is an attractive young woman, whom he attempts to attack. Throughout the film, various scenes display the sexual tension between the characters and in the ultimate scene where Dracula is attempting to convert Mary; they are both dressed in seductive costumes and located in a bed. The scene then carries on to portray Mary fighting her sexual attraction towards Dracula. The seductive appeal that Dracula possesses is a recurring characteristic in ‘Fright Night’. Jerry the vampire entices Aimee, and due to her sexual attraction to Jerry, she willingly lets him take control of her. Throughout the film a frustrating sexual tension is presented between the characters and in the deciding scene when Jerry is about to attack Aimee, the pair are also making love as Aimee is overcome by her ‘sexual attraction’. This factor is adapted from the vampire myth and is therefore common to both films, although the films are constructed for a different generation.

It is wrong to claim that our culture has stories that are told and retold afresh for a new generation. However, it is correct to suggest that although major plot lines change, many characteristics of texts remain similar as they are based on the same myth. Within films, ‘Dracula 2000’ and ‘Fright Night’, this is extremely evident with the common themes and characteristics of good and evil, various vampire iconography and traits of the vampires themselves.

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Baptism Essay

2009-08-11T10:01:00.000-07:00

Christians mark important events in the natural progress of a human life with ceremonies. These ceremonies answer the questions which people ask about the mystery of life itself. Baptism answers the questions “ who am I?” and “what am I here for?”. Baptism is the rite of initiation into the Christian faith. The word ‘baptise’ comes from a Greek word ‘baptizo’ meaning ‘to dip’. When you get baptised you are asked to turn away from your sins. In baptism you are washed clean as a sign of the new life you are going to lead according to Gods law. When you are baptised you become a member of the catholic church. Baptism is the start of the three sacraments of initiation, the other two are holy communion and confirmation in the roman catholic tradition.

Baptism is an initiation rite, this means it is a ceremony by which a person is made a member of something. When you are baptised you become a Christian. Baptism is a sign of new life and it is said that if you are baptised you are born again. Baptism is the washing away of sins and a sharing in the life with God. All Christians who do baptise agree that there are two important features in every baptism which are, What god does is important and what human beings do is important. These are the symbols of baptism: Water: This is a powerful, natural symbol of life and death. It gives life to the desert but water can also have a bad side like when the sea is rough and many people have drown. Oil: Two kinds of oil are used before the baptism and is a sign of strengthening for the life long struggle of temptation, sin and evil. The fragrant perfume is a symbol of beauty and dignity of a child of god. White garment: In the early church when you get baptised you wore a white robe as a sign of the fact that he was clothed with Christ when he was baptised. The garment would usually be provided by the mother of the child. The messiahs clothing was white and this is why the garment is white. Candle: Jesus said that he is the light of the world so the candle is an important part in the baptism. The candle flickering is a sign of life. Words and gestures: The words “I baptise you in the name of the father and of the son and of the holy spirit. Amen” are the important words of baptism. The most important gesture in baptism is the sign of the cross. The cross represents the saving power of the crucifixion of Jesus.

Believers baptism is for people that are old enough to understand what they are doing. There is no minimum age for the believers baptism. People that get baptised by their own choice must choose themselves if they want to be Christians. When they make that choice they must commit themselves to Jesus as a saviour and they must really love and serve him. Total immersion represents the believer identifying himself.

There are a lot of Christians that get baptised and there are some that do not get baptised. The Christians that do get baptised are: The catholic church, the Presbyterian church, the Methodist church, the Anglican church and the Baptists church. The Christians that do not get are: The salvation army and the Quakers. Christian churches believe that baptism is very important. Baptism is practised in most churches such as the catholic church, the Presbyterian church, the Methodist church and the Anglican church. Christians believe baptism to be very important because if they baptised all their sins will be forgiven and they will be accepted into the kingdom of God. There is a connection between baptism and resurrection because when you are baptised you are starting a new life and when you are arising you are also starting a new life. Baptism was important to Jesus because this was what he believed in and he wanted to join the kingdom of God when he died.

God has a lot of things to do with baptism. The three main things that God does are: forgives sins of the person being baptised, God receives them into his family as children and the last one is that he gives people a new spiritual life when baptised which continues with God after death for followers of Jesus. Human beings also have an important role to play during baptism. Those who are baptised must repent and accept Jesus as their saviour and lord. When a child is baptised and the parents/God parents make the promises and statements on behalf of the child.

Christians understand the origins and purpose of baptism in different ways. There is a general understanding that the act of baptising forgives all sins and is a sign of joining other Christians in their new life as followers of Jesus Christ. Baptism is a physical act of which is a sign of new birth. Water is the important symbol used and the words of baptism expresses what is happening to the new member, however methods of joining the Christian church are different for various groups of Christians.
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Lord of the Flies Essay

2009-07-20T15:08:00.000-07:00

In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, a group of English boys is trapped on an island that seems like paradise. However, when fear spreads through the paradise it takes charge of the boys’ lives and their innate fear destroys. Ralph’s fear destroys his hope of ever being rescued. Jack obliterates what civilization is left on the island when he splits the tribe due to his own fear, but this could also be shown through Piggy’s glasses. Finally, the boys’ fear of someone more powerful than them drives them to kill Simon and Piggy. Golding develops this theme throughout the novel.

On the surface, the novel Lord of the Flies tells a story about a group of English boys stuck on an island after a plane crash. When the boys first realize that the are on a deserted island without any adults, they are ecstatic and treat life as a game. They have feasts, build a large fire, and make rules to govern the island by. To them, it is not survival: it is a game.

In the novel, Golding makes it clear to the reader that Ralph’s innate fear overpowers his hope to be rescued. Throughout the entire novel, Ralph is the one person who insists on having the fire lit so that there is a chance of the boys’ rescue. When the fire goes out because Jack and his tribe won’t help, Ralph’s hope flickers and diminishes as well. To show the reader that Ralph is giving up hope, Golding writes a thought-provoking conversation between Piggy and Ralph where Ralph admits to Piggy that he is scared. “Not of the beast…but nobody understands about the fire. If someone threw you a rope when you were drowning. If a doctor said take this because if you don’t take it you’ll die-you would, wouldn’t you? Can’t they understand? Without the smoke signal we’ll die here?” (139). Ralph is shown to be afraid of death through this dialogue, and he is afraid that nobody else wants to be rescued. He also says, “And they don’t care. What’s more, I don’t sometimes. Supposing I got like the others-not caring. What ‘ud become of us ?”(139). Ralph’s innate fear is gripping his mind and he is afraid of the island turning from a civilized society into savagery. Ralph’s hope to be rescued diminishes with the smoke signal, and he doesn’t know what to do for the people that won’t listen to his warnings.

Civilization is destroyed when Piggy’s specs are stolen, and when Jack splits away from Ralph and begins to lead a new tribe. It is Jack’s fear that makes him do this. He is afraid of Ralph being more powerful than him, and he doesn’t like to be reprimanded by the younger boy. To feel more powerful than Ralph, Jack defies him and leaves during a meeting, taking his new tribe with him. Golding also demonstrates the crumbling of civilization through symbols like Piggy’s glasses, the conch and the war paint. The glasses represent clear sightedness on the island. Half of the glasses broke when Jack steals them momentarily from Piggy after he and his hunters let the fire go out for the first time (71). The other half of the specs are not broken, but stolen permanently by Jack and his tribe after they break away from Ralph and need something to build a fire with (168). The conch represents order, but that order is demolished with the conch. In the beginning of the boys’ stay on the island, a boy is not allowed to talk during the meetings without the conch. However, meetings progress to shouting out of turn, and disregard for the authority of the conch. The symbol of war paint near the end of the novel demonstrates the actual fear that the boys still have for authority. Jack’s tribe uses the paint to hide themselves from the world’s punishments, and as an excuse to act without thinking. They feel as though they do not have to take responsibility for their actions. Golding shows civilization on the island being demolished through symbols and the splitting of the tribes.

Innate fear finally leads to Jack’s tribe killing Piggy and Simon. Golding shows man’s primitive nature when the boys are dancing around fire after the pig roast. When Simon crawls into the circle, the tribe thinks he is the beast that they have been wanting to kill. The storm combined with their fear of the beast makes them kill it, not knowing that it was Simon (153). Roger also kills Piggy near the end of the story. The storm that rages only heightens his fear and hate of Piggy’s knowledge and intellect. “Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever” (180). After Jack’s tribe realizes that Piggy is dead, they dismiss it as being what would happen to you if you didn’t follow Jack. Golding heightens the boys’ fear throughout the novel by adding tension such as storms that drive men wild.

William Golding wrote a story about English boys trapped on an island, but the real theme is innate fear destroys. Golding develops this theme through Ralph’s fear of savagery, Jack’s fear of being less powerful than someone, and Roger’s fear of intellect and rules. The island paradise is destroyed.
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Postmodernism Essay

2009-07-20T14:59:00.000-07:00

Postmodernism cannot be historically pinned to any specific year, however, its ideas crystallized around the mid-1970’s. The concepts of postmodernism affected many disciplines including art, education, literature, film, sociology, and technology. To begin to understand postmodernism, one must first analyze the two movements prior.

Purpose, unity, and totality were all crucial elements to the premodern vision of the world. The vision roots back to the times of myth and rituals. Many believed that the human self was essentially part of a greater and more sacred whole. The body and its senses were thought to be obstacles to the spiritual life. Individuals were overall dominated by tradition and strong solid institutions like the Roman Catholic Church. The Renaissance was also full of superstitious beliefs and mystical powers.

The Enlightenment, during the 17th century, marked a new era. People no longer relied on past obscure traditions. Logic, science, and reason were used to obtain concrete answers about nature and order. Rene Descartes, for example, questioned the blind memorizations imposed on students. He wanted to methodically understand why things were so. People became skeptical about set institutions and old traditions. They understood the overall notion about how the universe functioned and were ready to logically construct the world. Protestants, as well as those involved in the French Revolution, rejected traditional authorities. The modern notion was that each individual was important and each individual had a choice about their position. The beginning of the French Revolution took place in the year 1789. The French questioned their oppression of the crown. People were no longer socially, economically, or politically satisfied with the crown. The modern idea, that one can work to progress, was born. Modernism can be roughly dated from the 1860’s to the 1970’s. Modernism is a movement that explored unbounded possibilities. Although modernist attempted to return to the classical forms, uniqueness and individuality were very much celebrated. There was a great emphasis on determinacy and the expression of emotions. People expressed their feelings and moved away from the established social norms. Nature and symbolism also played a great factor in modernism. Modernists believed in the order, or hierarchy, of things. Depth and creativity in thought, literature, and art were also very important. In literature, for example, there was “a move away from the apparent objectivity provided by omniscient third-person narrators, fixed narrative points of view, and clear-cut moral positions.”( Dr. Mary Klages.) Genres also blurred so that “poetry seems more documentary (as in T.S. Eliot ) and prose seems more poetic (as in Woolf or Joyce.)”( Dr. Mary Klages). Steam of consciousness, introduced by Stein, allowed writers to simply express their emotions through streams of thoughts and words. Although modernism had many positive ideals, it came short to reaching its goal and many lost faith in it.

After some chaotic events, like World War I and World War II, Nazism, and nuclear bomb threats, people did not believe that everything was logical and orderly. Foundations, as well as other definite ideas, were rejected. There was a shift of focus from logic to collective, anonymous, and random experiences. Although somewhat similar, postmodernism had some conflicting differences with modernism. In actuality, there are divisions in theory even within postmodernists. “The seemingly anti-modern stance involves a basic rejection of the tenets of Modernism; that is to say, a rejection of the doctrine of the supremacy of reason, the notion of truth, the belief in the perfectibility of man, and the idea that we could create a better, if not perfect, society. This view has been termed deconstructive postmodernism “(Witcombe,Chris.) Deconstructive postmodernist believe that the world is meaningless and that purpose, truth, and world views are all non-existant. Constructive postmodernists do not entirely reject modernism. The concepts are similar to that of deconstructive postmodernists in that boundaries should not exist. Nonetheless, they reject the idea that only modern natural sciences structure the general worldview. Constructive postmodernists believe in the “unity of scientific, ethical, aesthetic, and religious institutions.”(Witcombe,Chris.)

Although there are some contradictions in ideals within postmodernist, generally they would agree on some key ideas. They would agree on the belief that anybody’s ideas are as good as another’s. Everything is subjective, including “truth.” Truth is subjective to your own individual culture, experiences, and ideas. Who is to say that you are right or wrong? For example, in the phrase:” Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, one can derive that beauty is subjective to each individual. Reality is not only perceived by the mind, rather, it is constructed by it. Postmodernists believe that if reality is defined as one certain element, it becomes oppressive. Those that accept a “reality” are conformists. They are anti-foundationalism and anti-worldview because they deny any existence of universal truth. Another idea that Postmodernists agree is that history is subjective because it is not an account of events; rather it is seen as metaphors because it was a person’s subjective interpretation. Postmodernists do not believe in defined standards or symbols. In art, for example, there is no difference between an “original work” and a “copy” because they are both the same. They also have a different outlook on education in comparison to a modernist. Knowledge is not productive and beneficial by itself. It is a functional tool used to produce something else.

Postmodernists celebrate incoherency, anarchy, disorder, and indeterminacy. Unlike modernists who favored “grand narratives” like the Bible and classical stories, postmodernists favor “mini-narratives.” These are small stories in which practices or events are explained with situational elements. They have no claims to universal truth, reason, or stability “Many modernist works try to uphold the idea that works of art can provide the unity, coherence, and meaning which has been lost in most of modern life..”(Dr. Mary Klages.) However, postmodernists celebrate the fact that there is discontinuity and fragmentation in the world and thus reflect it in their work.

Salman Rushdie wrote the Satanic Verses in 1989. Through the work, Rushdie expressed his feelings about Islam and its “religious bigotry.” To a Muslim, Islam is a way of living and not just a faith. For this same reason, Rushdie rejected the structured form of living. There are “..liberal Muslims deplore the fatwa against Rushdie and support his right to publish, or even admire his work..”(Brians,Paul.) Nonetheless, a price was put on his head after he wrote this book and he has not been seen since then.

Judith Butler was another controversial author. She used Freud’s psychoanalysis to support her postmodern views of gender. Butler did not believe it fair to classify a person to a particular group (i.e. male group, or female group) because of a single common element. According to Butler, “women” should be thought of as multiple and discontinuous, not as a category. Judith Butler introduced the queer theory through her book, Gender Trouble, written in 1990. The theory states that it is wrong to collectively identify people with a certain group. There are so many other elements in a person, besides gender, that a fixed identity would be unjust. Madonna is an example of the arguments involved in the queer theory “with her constant image changes, parodies of blonde bombshells such as Marilyn Monroe, her assertion of female power and sexuality, and her appropriation from gay/queer culture..”( Mistry,Reena.)

Postmodernism sets no boundaries. There is no symbol, or worldview that can define what anything is. Reality and truth is subjective. “Hegemony assumes the role of "power" established by the postmodernists, acting as a social construct that promotes the existence of the group.”(Barnhart,Adam.) Although postmodernism is chaotic and many times contradictory, there are those that faithfully believe in its ideals. If one sets aside prejudices and criticism, much can be learned.
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Flannery O’Connor Essay

2009-07-18T13:22:00.000-07:00

Flannery O’Connor has been hailed as one of the most influential contemporary writers. What makes her stories so unique is her use of grotesque themes and its effect on her mostly Christian themes. O’Connor truly sees her characters as “religious” heroes; even though some come across as evil, they know what they believe and expose their beliefs to others. “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”, “Good Country People” and “Revelation” show the Christian contrast between Evil and Innocence, which is portrayed through these so-called heroes and their prey.

Critic Dorthy Walters commented that O’Connor deals deeply in the “human Spirits” of her characters, as well as, the worlds in which they surround themselves, either by choice or fault (23). As she reveals the characters and the world in which they live, she seems to project a negative sense of righteousness in them instead of what one would expect from religious characters. Critic Fredrick Hoffman pointed out that “Miss O’Connor writes about intensely religious acts and dilemmas in a time when people are much divided on the question of what actually determines a “religious act”(20).
O’Connor takes her ideas of religion from the Protestant South but also from the point of a Roman Catholic, which gives her characters their differences. The Protestant views inflict the reality of God in the characters and seem to condemn them to be surrounded by Him, whatever their outcome or original position concerning Him.

In the story “A Good Man is Hard to Find”, the Grandmother conveys to the reader that she knows what she believes in, but when she encounters the Misfit she is thrown off by his questions and statements, leaving her questioning her original thoughts. In the story “Good Country People”, Hulga states that she believes in nothing and yet when confronted with the Bible Salesman you see a change in her beliefs; it’s almost as if she wants to believe in Christianity. And as for Mrs. Turpin in the story “Revelation”, she is portrayed as seeing herself as a good Christian woman, but through the events of the day she finds herself confronted with her “real self” and realizes her faults in being a so-called good Christian woman.

Flannery O’Connor used grotesque themes and situations to make her stories differentiated from the common story. Many of her works are classified as “Southern Gothic” because of her strong feelings and strong use of moral and physical themes. Critic Dorthy Walters points out that O’Connor uses such grotesque implications so that the reader has the image that the world can and does have hurtful and even shameful alterations (29).

In the story “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”, O’Connor labels the Misfit as a demented man who said and believed “It’s no real pleasure in life”(133). The Misfit was a character, who, while he believed in Jesus, also said “Jesus thrown everything off balance. It was the same case with me except He hadn’t committed any crime and they could prove I had committed one because they had papers on me”(131). This is why the Misfit was so demented and why he caused others, to rethink God and why He would allow this to happen to someone who believes in Him, and why someone who believes in Him could do such a thing. In “Good Country People”, Hulga is a thirty-two year old woman with a wooden leg and no respect for the common person. O'Connor’s use of grotesque is through Hulga’s deformity. She uses the wooden leg at the end story to show how the leg is not Hulga’s true deformity. Her true deformity is her willingness to believe in “nothing” without really knowing what “nothing” is, which brings her to her ultimate failure and end. As the Bible Salesman leaves Hulga, he tells her “you aint so smart. I’ve been believing in nothing since I was born!(291)” In “Revelation”, O’Connor uses the young girls appearance as her grotesque theme “the poor girls face was blue with acne”(490), and she proceeds to refer to her as “the ugly girl” throughout the story. The girl is shown to have a sour attitude and a great dislike for Mrs. Turpin. Overall the reader is not given a choice to how they might see the girl because O’Connor blatantly shows her to be rude and judgmental by her use of grotesque. After studying O’Connor use of Grotesque, critic Dorthy McFarland commented that “Beneath the grotesquerie of the surface, however, a deeper level of meaning is suggested by tonal shifts and by various significant cues and allusions. For instance, religious allusions and conventional platitudes are present in most of the stories as part of the cultural baggage of the characters, and are apparently no to be taken seriously (117)”.

O’Connor’s so-called Heroes represent the Evil in her stories and the Innocent are their prey. O’Connor sees the Evil as Heroes because even though they go against Christianity, they expose the so-called Christian characters as fake. They are “fake” because they protest to believe in something whether it is religious or atheistic, and are either swayed by Evil or are exposed to not really know the origin of what they believe in.

In “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”, the Grandmother and Family representing the innocent and the Misfit is labeled as evil. Unlike most good vs. evil stories, it shows a kind of “senseless” evil and “artful” innocence. For Example, Critic Abigail Hamblen labels the Grandmother as crafty and cunning by lying about the hidden panel, secretly taking the cat, and being rather calm when she tries to conjure some sense of sympathy from the Misfit (270). In “Good Country People”, the Bible Salesman is considered evil and Hulga is innocent. The Bible Salesman is the Hero because he finds that not only does Hulga not understand what “nothing” is but also she seemed to crave for what she thought he believed in. The story’s twist is that the reader believes that the Bible Salesman is the innocent one and Hulga, the Atheist, is evil. When the Bible Salesman’s scheme is revealed, the reader realizes he is the evil hero and the impact of his plan comes into effect, leaving the reader in awe. The ugly girl represents the evil in “Revelation” and Mrs. Turpin represents the innocent. O’Connor uses the girl to make Mrs. Turpin realize who she is and what she is not. She created Mrs. Trupins character as one who thinks herself a good woman and thinks she’s doing good by thanking God for who she is, but she is wrong when she thanks Him for not making her someone else because of their social status. The people in the waiting room represent all the people she could have been. As she judges them, she places herself above them only by their appearance. When the hero tells her “Go back to hell where you came from, you old wart hog”(500), she becomes upset and that makes her think on what she is as a person.

Throughout these short stories Flannery O’Connor shows us how even the common person has a hidden past or a secret identity within themselves that even they might not be aware of. Their identities deal mostly with what they believe and how they respond to how the Heroes condemn them for their lack of knowledge or lack of faith behind their religions. Most of O’Connor’s so-called Heroes have to expose themselves for what they are, before they expose the truth behind others. She combines Heroes and grotesque themes to create a lasting style of writing that can only be heard through the pages of the short stories by Flannery O’Connor.
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Hamlet Essay

2009-07-17T13:24:00.000-07:00

There are many things that critics say make Hamlet a "Great Work," one of which is the way that Shakespeare masterfully incorporates so many sub-plots into the story, and ties them all into the main plot of Hamlet's revenge of his father's murder. By the end of Act I, not only is the main plot identified, but many other sub-plots are introduced. Among the sub-plots are trust in the Ghost of King Hamlet, Fortinbras, and the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia. These three sub-plots are crucial to making Hamlet the master piece that it is.

In the times that Shakespeare lived ghosts were a readily accepted idea, but one had to be wary of them because it was difficult to decipher a good ghost from a bad one. Horatio, Hamlet's best friend, first brings that question into our mind when the Ghost is asking Hamlet to follow it.

Horatio warned:
What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff
That beetles o'er his base into the sea,
And there assume some other horrible form
Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason
And draw you into madness' Think of it. (68)

Hamlet disregarded Horatio's warnings, followed the Ghost of his father, and heard of the murder that took place. This is where he learned of his quest to revenge his father, the main plot of the play. But Hamlet still wasn't sure of the validity of the Ghost, so he decided to put the Ghost's accusations to a test. "There is a play tonight before the King: One scene of it comes near the circumstance Which I have told thee of my father's death. . . Observe my uncle. If his occulted guilt Does not itself unkennel in one speech, It is a damned ghost that we have seen" (156). By having a group of players reenact his father's murder, he was able to tell from Claudius' (the murderer of King Hamlet) reaction that the Ghost was not of the devil. To take this sub-plot out would have left the reader/audience with many questions, especially in Shakespeare's time. People would wonder if the ghost was of good intent, and if Hamlet was wise in revenging his father.

In many versions of Hamlet, the character of Fortinbras is taken out. Fortinbras is the heir to Norway, but his father lost almost all of his inheritance to King Hamlet. Fortinbras wanted revenge, but he was told he could not take it because the land was lost fairly in an agreed contract. Fortinbras represents Hamlet after he has learned of his father's murder, the only difference is that he does not take revenge because King Fortinbras was not murdered. Although what he contributes can easily be omitted from the play, many feel that it ruins the play at the end. After all of the heirs to the Denmark throne have been killed, Fortinbras comes to Denmark from a victorious conquer of Poland. In his dying breath Hamlet said, "But I do prophesy th'election lights On Fortinbras. He has my dying voice" (308). Because much of the Denmark land once was Fortinbras' inheritance, Fortinbras was enable to claim the kingdom. This ending is needed to make the play a true tragedy. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is a "a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force, . . . reaching a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror while leaving one with a sense of reconciliation rather than one of horror by presenting a view of life in which the idea of justice is central" (Handout, emphasis added). Knowing that he will make a good king, and having Hamlet's blessing, Fortinbras taking over the kingdom creates the sense of reconciliation that the reader/viewer needs.

There are lines through out the play that make the reader/audience question Hamlet's true feelings for Ophelia, but everyone agrees that they did have a relationship together. The relationship is first brought up in Act I, Scene 3 when Laertes, Ophelia's brother, warns her about it, and later on in the same scene, her father, Polonius warns her again. Laertes seemed to believe that Hamlet had affection for his sister, but he doubted if Hamlet could act on his affections: "But you must fear, His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. For he himself is subject to his birth" (54). On the other hand, Polonius at first doubted Hamlet's feelings. He told Ophelia, "These blazes, daughter, Giving more light than heat, extinct in both. . . You must not take for fire. . . Believe so much in him that he is young, . . . Do not believe his vows; for they are brokers. . ." (60). He then forbade her ever to speak to Hamlet again. Later on, however, Polonius thought it a good reason for Hamlet's madness, and thought he would use Ophelia to test his idea. This ties the relationship into the main plot of the story because Hamlet is acting mad because of his knowledge of his father's murder. In this time Hamlet both says that he loved her and denies it, but he is acting in such a mad way that Polonius is unsure of Hamlet's true feelings towards his daughter. In the final act Hamlet says again that he loved Ophelia, in front of all those attending her funeral. In Hamlet, Ophelia represents innocence and one without knowledge. She is the image of Hamlet before he discovered the truth of his father's death. If the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia were to be taken out of the play it would ruin the flow, and it would take away other sub-plots that also relate to the main plot, especially Laertes' revenge on Hamlet for Polonius' death.

For many authors, to take so much as a word out of their work it is destroying it. For plays though, it is meant for words to be changed and added, but not for whole plots and sub-plots. To take out such a big section of a play is disastrous because it leaves the reader and audience with unanswered questions. The sub-plots add to the plot complexity, let the audiences become more involved, and let them all leave feeling that they had seen some characteristic of themselves in the play. This is what makes a play great, and makes the audience want to see it over and over again. Even a seemingly needless character can relate to someone. The more sub-plots (ones that are well worked into the play) the more people that can relate, the better the play.
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Fahrenheit 451 Essay

2009-07-17T13:18:00.000-07:00

Most people have a basic understanding of obedience; however, many may fail to see the application and the impact of it in their own lives and in our society. Submission into conformity discourages the type of independence that is valued in our supposedly free-thinking world. Censorship is one of the major themes in Fahrenheit 451, and its impact is illustrated through submission in appearance, behavior and thought. This invites us to draw clear relationships between Ray Bradbury‘s novel and our current society.

The association between appearance and social acceptance is already apparent in our lives. In order to achieve societal norm we wish to look and act like our peers, and as a result censorship in appearance has become a common example of submission today. In Fahrenheit 451, Montag realizes that a major part of being socially accepted as a fireman is to conform through appearance. Montag observes this fact while there are countless examples of conformity through appearance in our society. The belief that physical beauty is more valuable than intelligence is a very common habit throughout the world especially in schools and those people make the others feel inferior. And as a result we may often conform to accept standards of appearance rather than focusing on the value of our gifts and talents.

In this way we are able to draw a fundamental relationship from our own society to the troubling world described in Fahrenheit 451, citing conformity in appearance as proof of this connection.

Conformity in behavior is another damaging example of submission found in our culture today. However, in Fahrenheit 451 Beatty describes conformity as a positive aspect of society – he argues that conformity in behavior prevents violence and jealousy by restricting the gifted and talented people from their ability to excel, which is good in a way because then the others won‘t feel bad. However, the real problem in the situation Beatty describes is not the exceptionally bright child (when he is trying to show Montag the uselessness of books) but the group of people of those who submit to it. Unfortunately, this very situation occurs repeatedly in our society today. People who choose not to conform may be persecuted by the groups of people who submit into censorship, and through that act of persecution the people reinforce conformity of behavior.

In this way we see that Bradbury’s portrayal of censorship in behavior is similar to the way we conform in our society, illustrating yet another fundamental connection between Fahrenheit 451 and our world today.

Because of the democracy in which we live, we are free to hold any opinions we wish and we feel pride in ourselves on our right to freely say these opinions by talking and making announcements in the daily news and also on the television.

However, we often find that although we have the right to think freely we often choose instead to take upon the opinions of the others. Thus, one of the most prominent examples of conformity in our society today lies within thought.

In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury sees a futuristic society in which this submission of thought is highly valued. In the novel, the fire captain Beatty strongly believes that every person must think alike; for conflict and unhappiness only arise when differences are perpetuated. There may be some truth to Beatty’s claim that conflicting theory and thought creates unhappiness and discomfort within a society (again when Beatty was saying the uselessness of books). One example of this is the strong pressure from our culture and some factions of government to be “politically correct”. As a somewhat ordinary remedy for the cruel intolerance of minorities, our society has created a system of thought in which we must exhibit ultimate acceptance of persecuted groups. The pressure to be politically correct can be so strong that any opinion that does not suggest an underlying discrimination but which is conveyed to the public in a “politically incorrect” manner is considered socially unacceptable. Those who communicate their non-negotiable thoughts may be viewed as immoral and dishonest. Through the strong pressure to be “politically correct” we see that conformity of thought remains in our society and parallels Bradbury’s portrayal of the theme in Fahrenheit 451.

“If they give you ruled paper, write the other way,“ a man said the previous quote and this quote was placed in the beginning of the novel. Obviously selected to create awareness of Bradbury’s principal theme. By choosing this quote, Bradbury reaffirms that the purpose of the novel was to encourage independent thought and create a basic awareness of the submission found in our world. This conformity is illustrated through appearance, behavior and thought both in the novel and in our society today.

Also some people think that with the knowledge of books and other references they are somewhat superior than others and that is why Beatty claims that books should be burned with no restriction. On the other hand if it weren’t for people like Dr. Nash, Einstein and others we wouldn’t have the technology and intelligence we have today.

Why do you think that the books were allowed to be burned in the novel? Because of the ignorance of humanity. We humans wish for everything to be as simple and with the least effort possible, that’s why we don’t like to learn, we want everything to be as simple as it can be among others.

In conclusion, censorship is found in many ways throughout our world and if we keep up our discrimination of people, the censorship in our world, submission into conformity, etc. We will wind up on the world Bradbury portrays in his novel.

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Internet Censorship Essay

2009-07-17T13:13:00.000-07:00

The Internet has become a growing source of entertainment and information over the past years. Statistics say, there are "over two million new Internet users per month" (NTIA). More than half of all Americans are "online." "In September 2001, 143 million Americans, or about 54% of the population were using the Internet" (NTIA). As more and more people
Become familiar with the internet, the potential of its contents grows rapidly, at an uncontrollable rate. Why uncontrollable? Because in some cases there are no restriction to what can be put one the internet, what can be viewed on the internet, or who can view what is on the internet. Just about anything and everything can be found on the internet. With something such as the internet, which contains virtually an infinite amount of space, more is being added than taken away. Therefore with the growing amount of users, the contents grows as well. Different people use the internet for different things with no worries, because they have the right to. But should everybody have these privileges? With all these people using the Internet, shouldn't there be a restriction on what can and cannot be seen on the internet? Some answer yes, some answer no. For many reasons there is no determinant of who is right or wrong.

There are numerous reasons why the Internet should be censored. The major argument for censorship that has accumulated the most attention deals with the protection of children. "The issue of morality and children has become a leading factor in the struggle over whether or not to attempt to censor the Internet" (Friedman 25). Statistics say that "75% of children ages 14-17 use the Internet and 65% of children ages 10-13 use the Internet" (NTIA). Children can access the Internet at home, at school, at public libraries or at a friend's house. There is so much indecent material on the Internet, such as pornography that children should not be exposed to. How many children have already been exposed to this type of material on the internet alone? That remains uncertain, however it takes merely curiosity driven from TV programs, or even a friend, for an underage child to go on the internet and view material beyond what is meant for them to see. These sites, while they may come with an X-rated warning to not enter unless over 18, are still accessible to children, or whomever wishes to enter. Given the fact that there are warnings on such sites, there is still no guarantee that the viewer is of legal age. Children who aren’t of age, are most likely not mature enough to be exposed to such material, therefore the potential of permanently affecting a child’s morality remains high. The Communications Decency Act, or CDA was a proposed law on Internet Censorship that was overturned. "Senator Jim Exon (D-NE), co-author of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), are in favor of putting strict laws into place regulating the Internet in order to protect children: "The Decency Act stands for the premise that it is wrong to provide pornography to children on computers just as it is wrong to do it on a street corner or anywhere else" (Landier). Obviously one could go on for days supporting censorship of the internet with more than enough legit arguments, however there always remains two sides to every story. In this case; why not to censor the internet.

"There is no question that it is important to protect America's future and its children. But the issues involved address some of the most cherished precepts in the Constitution. One of the key dilemmas is to find a way of reconciling the protection of children's rights without infringing on the rights of American adults" (Friedman 26). ‘til the day America is no more, people will always fight for their rights, regardless. This makes sense, for these rights are in the constitution which was the foundation of our country. While some may find pornography offensive and repulsive, there are many who indulge in this pastime. And those who wish to have the right to, given to them by the Constitution. We as a people have no choice but to accept this. We as a people have no right, to take another’s away based on an opinion, regardless of how many oppose it. The first amendment gives all the right to "freedom of speech of the press." This includes the Internet, and guarantees each individual the right to express themselves and view what they want on the Internet. When dealing with censorship, another topic that must be kept in mind is personal privacy. Not all material on the internet is meant to be pornography. Some people keep their personal material on the internet and share it with certain individuals. For example, videos or pictures shared by distant friends, my resort to the internet as their only way of sharing, given their geographical location. There should not be any censorship for someone’s personal material because they are the only ones that should be viewing it anyway. If all private material were to be censored at all times, it would most definitely not be considered private, or personal. Total internet censorship is an extremity of what should be done. Although in this case, how or where would one draw the line between censorship, and privacy. It remains subjective. The Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition or (CIEC), is working to not censor the Internet. Who are we to take away rights granted to us by our Founding Fathers? They may have not been referring to pornography on the Internet, but it is the same principal. And if we were to take away these rights in any way it might very well be the biggest contradiction of the constitution yet.

Personally, I believe that the Internet should not be censored. Freedom of speech was given to us by the Constitution. The rights have been ours for centuries and should not be taken away today, in modern society. I think that some kind of compromise could be reached between censoring the Internet, and protecting our children. After all, children are our most precious resources and they should be treated like they are. They should be protected, the children of today are very much the future of tomorrow. Eventually there must be a solution to regulate who should be able to view, what should be censored, and an effective way of enforcing it. Otherwise our constitution will hold a lesser value that is has for centuries, and when the rules have been broken once, it most likely will happen again Much of the material accessible on the Internet is offense to some adults, but those adults are not obligated to look at it. It is easily avoidable. And as for children viewing questionable material at home, servers such as America Online allow "Parental Controls" where parents can block their underage children from viewing certain sites. To this day there are numerous parental control programs they help avoid accidental, or deliberate, encountering of explicit material on the internet, none of which are guaranteed. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and is allowed to voice it. This right is granted to us by the same amendment that gives us the right to express ourselves on the Internet.
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Demons of Advertising Essay

2009-07-15T09:25:00.001-07:00

Human nature has been easy to figure out throughout the years. This fact could turn out to have more cons attached to it than ever imagined. In the beginning advertising had its place. Advertising pushed patent medicines, filled a few pages of the Sears catalog, sponsored radio detective programs, acted as magazine filler, and eventually made it to television. The thirty second TV spot became the model. Now some advertisements have crossed the ethics line. The line between advertisement and entertainment are becoming nonexistent. Guerilla, stealth marketing, and product placement are the two main unethical agents in advertising.

Stealth by far is the most sneaky and unethical technic in advertising. Stealth marketing is sending actors to interact with real people and casually talk up a product. These actors do not wear a name tag or a logo shirt, they appear as normal people. A great example that would best explain stealth marketing would be the Sony-Ericsson company. They invented a new cellular phone with a built in camera. They hired a group of actors to walk around Times Square in New York City posing as tourist acting as newlywed couples on a honeymoon. They would go up to strangers and ask them to take their picture. After a few minutes the unsuspecting person would ask how to take the picture. Then they receive a live demonstration on the new Sony phone. Of course the actors would explain where the got the phones and how great they are. Consequintly the sale of the phone tripled within one month of this advertising technique. The strangers leave thinking “what a nice couple and that was a cool phone.” Gary Ruskin, the executive director of Consumer Alert, said “it's deceptive, it's absolutely unethical to deceive people like this. In addition, it's taking advantage of the kindness of strangers and that's pretty low.” One man that was told that the two people were actors said “I feel violated, Imean, I had a connection between the two people and then to find out that they are salesmen!”

Another great example of stealth marketing would be the company of Tuwaka. The company came out with a new version of a spiced rum. However the problem was that they were going up against a fierce market, so they turned to stealth marketing. In this scenario a semi-attractive male actor orders a Tuwaka drink in front of other male customers to another attractive female actor. Of course she comes over and they hit it off. He gets her phone number and then she leaves. Just about 90% of the time the other male customers ask “how did you that?“ His response usually includes how women love that drink and that's how he gets dates. How far are these companies going to take this marketing technique? In this instance stealth marketing is using basic human desire. Is that ethical?
The second unethical marketing system is guerilla marketing. Guerrilla is defined by Word Book Online Encyclopedia as “Guerilla warfare, pronounced guh RIHL uh, is warfare by roving bands of fighters who torment the enemy with ambushes, sudden raids, and other small scale attacks. Guerialls may be organized, but usually fight in small bands. They most often operate behind enemy lines and use hit and run tactics and sabotage to surprise and torment the enemy. They take advantage of natural features of the terrain-such as forests, hills, lakes, and rivers-to conceal and launch attacks.” Companies started to realize that conventional marketing was being spotted a mile away. Consumers were becoming numb to conventional advertising. The marketing director decided to put the advertisements behind enemy lines in a sense. They had to disguise their ads so no one would know that in fact they were being sold a product.

A good example of guerrilla marketing would be Jojo's Subs. Jojo of course had a better product and a better value than its competitor Subway. However Jojo did not have the marketing budget of Subway. One technique he used was putting flyers displaying a much better deal than they just purchased up on cars in front of subway. The customer would feel violated in a sense that they just spent more of their hard earned money than they had to. Another technique he used was sending people to subways and making complaints in front of potential customers. In the complaint the person would say he is going to Jojo's for a better sub as well as a better deal. In a sense Jojo put someone behind enemy lines.

That example was on a small scale. A large corporation such as Nike has almost an unlimited budget when it comes to marketing. They have hired behavioral scientist to really get behind enemy lines. Many studies were conducted of many different groups. Now the marketing department were armed with a powerful tool. They knew exactly what group wanted what. Of course the obvious occurred, celebrity endorsements. What kid would not want to slam a basketball like Michael Jordan or hit a baseball like Ken Griffey Jr. On the Nike commercials they have just shots of Jordan and Griffey just performing their sports, but they are wearing Nike shoes. Playing on these emotions of children enabled Nike to sell a shoe for over $100 which only cost on average $2 to make. Playing with such a influential minds is not ethical.

Alltel as used a different form of guerrilla marketing in the sense of setting up mall blitzes. They would set up a booth for free massages or manicures on the walls would be the logo boomerang, but there would not be an actual advertisement. Boomerang was their new pre-paid service geared toward college students. Alltel also hired people to go into public chat rooms on the Internet and ask about the new Alltel product Boomerang. Basicly just using these techniques to infect everyone's curiosity. All these techniques end up on a 85% spike on the number of hits the Boomerange web site. Once again the large corporation used human nature of curiosity to sell the product.

In conclusion, the consumer should very careful when they receive an urge to purchase a new product. A consumer may never know if the had been a victim of guerrilla or stealth marketing. But as long as there are consumers companies will always try to find a new way to sell their products verse their competitors. Many large corporations say that there are no lines being crossed. They obviously haven't been a victim of either one of these techniques.

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Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Essay

2009-07-15T09:19:00.000-07:00

This essay will illustrate the extent to which effective marketing must incorporate Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Marketing effectively differs from one organisation to another as each has their own separate goals, which they pursue. To answer how important each of the afore mentioned marketing tools are, one must define what Marketing is and then take into account how each is applied and why if not applied in an organisations approach to selling could mean abrupt failure, or maybe that they do not matter at all.

The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) defines marketing as: ‘The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)

An alternative definition is offered from the American Marketing Association (AMA): ‘The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives.’ (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998, p.11)

The CIM definition perhaps sums up the overall aim of marketing whereas the AMA definition identifies the tools which effective marketing would use when realising the firm’s objectives (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998). Looking at both definitions, they both finished stating that something must be satisfied, customer requirements and organisational objectives. So to market effectively you must be able to reach the organisational goals whilst also meeting your customer requirements.

Market segmentation is defined by Kotler and Armstrong (2001, p.244) as ‘Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of needs, characteristics or behaviour who might require separate marketing mixes.’ These needs, characteristics, and behavioural factors, which signify different demands, come from a multitude of different reasons. The main profilers used to segment the consumer markets are Geographic, Demographic, Behavioural and Psychographic factors. On the other hand organisational market profilers are Industry, Type of Organisation, Size, Geographic, Application, Usage and Purchasing Organisation factors. (Doyle 1994)

It begs the question; why segment the market instead of mass marketing the same product? The best-known example of Mass Marketing or Undifferentiated Marketing is told by Kotler and Armstrong (2001). They go on to use the example of Henry Ford’s marketing strategy of the Model T Ford. When he put the car into production, he told the cumsers, they could have the car “in any colour as long as it is black”. This though was many years ago; Ford has progressed and produces many different models today. An example of a company who still uses the Mass Marketing technique is outlined by Wilson and Gilligan (1997). Black & Decker faced a drop in its worldwide share of the power tool market from 20% to 15% as more Japanese firms began to compete by marketing in a more ‘aggressive’ manner than Black & Decker. As a result of this Black & Decker moved away from a policy of customized products for each market and instead focused making a smaller amount of products that could be sold everywhere which the same basic marketing approach. From this example it can be seen that not breaking down the market in terms of product, works for some companies whilst also satisfying customers, hence the increase in market share for Black & Decker.

Ultimately segmenting the market is the first step to giving the firm the ability to better match the customer needs, enhance profits, enhance opportunities for growth, retain customers and target communications (Doyle 1994). Being able to satisfy more customers with your brand or brands, brings one back to the definition offered by the CIM. More customers satisfied equals marketing more effectively. An example of a company, which uses segmentation within the USA, is Proctor & Gamble. They manufacture many products including washing detergent.

‘To some people, cleaning and bleaching power are most important; to others, fabric softening matters most; still others want mild, fresh-scented detergent’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.244)

Hence there are different groups or segments of the washing detergent buyers and each of these seek a different combination of benefits. Proctor & Gamble have recognised this and have gone on to produce eight different brands of detergent to satisfy these markets (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). Lesser and Hughes (1986, The Generalizability of Psychographic Market Segments Across Geographic Locations. Journal of Marketing. 50(January) 18-27) study summarises that segmentation plays a vital role in contributing to corporate planning, but there has not enough research into it to make enough generalizations to contribute to the advancement of ‘Segmentation Theory’.

Having segmented the market the strategist is faced with a series of decisions on the amount of and which segments to approach. The Strategists main concern is choosing a target would be profitable (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). Three factors which the strategist will have to consider are ‘the size and growth potential of each segment, their structural attractiveness and the organisation’s objectives and resources’ in coming to a final decision on which segments to target (Wilson & Gilligan 1997, p.297). Referring back to the AMA definition of marketing, they say that marketing involves satisfying organisation objectives. The importance of targeting is so choose the correct segment(s), which fulfil the company objectives. Effective marketing would be achieved if the strategist chose the right segment or segments to target, which would reach the company objectives. However each company has different objectives, and to demonstrate a company objective which each company, excluding non-profit organisations have, one can use Profit.

The strategist would then assess the profit potential of the segments, for instance using Porter’s Five Forces Model (McDonald 1999). The company would now have to decide which and how many segments to serve, which is the problem of target market selection (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). The firm can adopt one of three market coverage strategies, ‘Undifferentiated Marketing, Differentiated Marketing or Concentrated Marketing’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266).

Choosing the correct marketing strategy will depend on the type of product you have to supply. Undifferentiated marketing has already been explained. Differentiated marketing is when the company adopts several segments to market to and provides separate offers for each. The example of Proctor & Gamble was used before, another example of a company marketing effectively to many segments is Nike, who supply training shoes to many different market segments including Soccer, Basketball, Aerobics, Martial Arts and many more
(Nike. Available at <: URL: http://www.nike.com>[Accessed 16 November 2002]). By offering these product variations, these companies hope for increased sales and a stronger position within each market segment. For instance ‘Proctor and Gamble obtain a higher market share with eight brands than they would if they only made one. Nevertheless operating differentiated marketing usually increases costs to the business, for example it would cost more to produce 10 units of 10 different products rather than 100 of the same product’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.266). Thus to market effectively the company must weight the increased costs against increased sales to market effectively. (Kotler & Armstrong 2001)

Concentrated Marketing is when the company focuses on one or a few segments or niches rather than going for a small share of a large segment. This type of marketing is especially appealing when there are limited company resources (Kotler & Armstrong 2001). An example of this is ‘Steve Warrington’s business which sells ‘everything ostrich’ and generated in excess of $4 million revenue in 2000. Today the low cost of setting up an Internet company makes it increasingly possible to serve seemingly minute niches’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.267). It is important to locate the correct segment for your product and company to move into, it can lead to being able to move in quickly to dominate a niche or that you can dramatically increase your market share by offering many products to many segments. On the other hand you may realise that your product is what everyone wants, for example Petrol, ‘whether your car is a Lada or a Rolls Royce petrol will make it go’ and you don’t need to segment and offer different products (Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.198).

Finally once the market has been segmented and a segment or segments targeted by the company, they have to identify the positioning concept within each target segment and select and develop the appropriate positioning concepts for each (Wilson & Gilligan 1997). This will relate to task of ensuring the company’s products operate a planned-for place in the chosen segments appropriate to its competition. This notion of positioning is applicable to both consumer and organisation markets and each share the same assumptions which are that all products and brands have subjective and objective attributes and potential customers may think about one of these attributes when deliberating whether to buy the respective brand or product. The potential customers will also have predetermined views on the attributes of the various competing products, which they will assess the new product by (Lancaster & Reynolds 1998).

The company would build a position for itself by following the three steps outlines by Kotler & Armstrong (2001, p.270) and acting upon their results.

‘Identification of a set of possible competitive advantages upon which to build a position, choosing the right competitive advantages, an selecting and overall positioning strategy. The company must then effectively communicate and deliver the chosen position to the market.’

It is important that the company’s positioning plan is not flawed, as this is the final stage before putting the product actually on the ‘market shelf’. Creating a product image not suited to the target segment could mean absolute failure due to the product itself not being properly thought through (Brassington & Pettitt 2000). For example the work of Pring (see Brassington & Pettitt 2000, p.364) gives an example of a failed product from MD Foods. He explained that the results gained from test marketing are not the same as what may happen in the real comsumer environment. The company had to withdraw its cultured dairy product Gaio as consumer groups disputed its claims that to have lower cholesterol levels. Not enough outside factors were taken into consideration prior to the launch of the product, and it led to its failure. The way in which a company positions its product is vital, it must be done correctly or the whole marketing process beforehand, segmenting the market and choosing the target segments can be a waste of time. Doyle (1994) recalls the problem IBM faced when the personal computer prices began to decline in the early 1990’s. Instead of threatening their own high price brand image they instead, created a new company under IBM called Ambra, effectively cloning the IBM machine but selling it at a much lower price to satisfy the booming ‘mass’ and ‘economy’ markets.

To summarise, a well- developed strategy of market segmentation, targeting and positioning together would enable the company to market effectively, in the way in which its customers need’s and wants are satisfied and the organisational goals are realised. A wide variety of processes have developed to segment the market, target the most long-term profit potential customers and to enable the product to be positioned so it will be a success. Although as there is no definite product, which always needs these strategies, one can realise that it is important to use them because it will allow increased potential for the company’s objectives to be realised as well as ensuring your potential customers will be satisfied, thus your marketing will be effective.
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Computers Research Paper

2009-07-01T01:41:00.000-07:00

Computers today are used in a way people commonly are doing work on it. There is more to computer typing there’s programming, troubleshooting, communications, and many of more uses from them people and I go through. People and myself has me know that there is more to computers then just typing more of it comes where in how other specific devices are used to convert data. Troubleshooting things such as viruses, networking, data loss, putting computer together, etc. has taught me more in depth about computers today. Having to do all of this has shown me that computers are a source of reflection of how it used and done with. Communications and new software development has made people has there life’s saved is now another things used for computers to talk and send mail/messages. It a new trend for people to have computers and to use them in communicating in a whole new way. So computers are used now are changed today with new things you would like.

Throughout now in computers were hard to describe in-depth in the programming as it was made in what people and myself thought. People use computers in a concept of doing work on it and nothing else that so interesting. It wasn’t an interesting thing back then when it was made. Everybody ignored it as a useless product that never existed in the world. When I used it was hard to use and understanding more in detail the entire major concept of how the programming was. People like myself had a hard time figuring out uses for it. It was like a machine in a hard way to describe in of all the technology/electronics they had made to a computer. Programming it in what to do on it was like typing, printing, and playing was the major thing that was done. It was nothing but just playing and doing working on a computer, which was made to do. Having it programmed for these kinds of uses are having people do these common things. When computers are describes as programming in special uses as work, printing, and playing has the first new beginning of computers.

Now troubleshooting is the next thing that occurs around computers such as viruses and other errors for different reasons. People today are having these encounters to these problems and have been evolving around them. They are a big problem because it destroys all data and makes the computer not load up. It’s like a disease spreading to all around the computers and has never stopped. Another problem is that a person and myself hate to loss data to the program you’re working on for any type of project/work you’re on. It’s a major hassle to loss a big thing on a computer that you save and worked hard on. This is something people go through everyday to have these errors occur overtime. Having to delete important files from your computer to work has made them lose their work and the computer it self. This is why people have trouble thinking that it gets them frustrated. It the common problem everyone goes through everyday in using one. So computers back than were a big hassle to the people who bought them and encountered so many problems.

Today now computers have made a communications and software cure for troubleshooting in the major problem people have in the computer system. In the communications they have a Chat line/E-mail to send about anything between you and your friend through a network computer. This is something people enjoy doing to communicate with anybody they know. It’s a lifesaver now to send anything across a computer network in the world. The next thing is that software that can destroy viruses in detecting and protecting your computer has made a cure for it. People whom have troubleshooting in their computers now have software on the market see it’s a big help. It’s a new generation people now are safe with any software program that can be protected. The different between the reflections of the computers had shown many of what people encounter in their everyday life. Everything from the past has now made a lot of big changes. Now people are starting to get computer in a whole new different way for them to use it. Now new things added to the computer systems today has better communications and new software that helps people not to lose anything.

People from the past had problems with computers in knowing what it is. They would just use it as typing out work and other things. In that people occur with troubleshooting problems like viruses and errors. Now today they made new communication and software to help out people from their problems they have. So the reflection of computers has now shown new things has come to the future.

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Genetic Engineering Essay

2009-07-01T01:34:00.000-07:00

Sara just found out her baby will be born with ADA deficiency (bubble-boy syndrome). The baby will be born with no immune system, and be forced to live a short, sheltered life with no “out-siders”. Sara’s baby will only die early if they can’t find a bone marrow donor match, which is rare. What should Sara do? Look into genetic engineering of course! “The idea, simply, is to inject corrective genes into a patient’s body to replace faulty ones”(How Soon is Too Soon?). Genetic engineering can make better food products, help cure and control disease, and has worked on animals.

Scientists study genetic engineering for animals, to make better food and control spread of animal disease. In cattle they slip in extra genes to reduce fat in meat. In chickens they are developing genes that make chickens mature faster and have more meat. They are also working on enhancing disease resistance (Thro 41-42).

Genetic engineering is used to understand the cause of disease, for treatments of disease and for possible cures for disease. Gene therapy is another form of genetic engineering. It is basically the same technology but it puts the genes into an unborn baby (Thro 70, 81). With these technologies, in the near future, if someone were to get a third-degree burn, doctors would just grow some skin cells in a container and then place them on your skin. Or if someone had a heart attack they could replace the bad heart cells with the artificially made “good ones”. What if someone broke his or her back? Scientists could grow nerve cells to place into your back. Scientists in California are working on a gene-based drug that will cut-off the blood flow to cancerous cells in someone’s body. These cells will eventually strangle the cancer cells, curing the cancer. In the future there will be artificial genes that can protect against HIV, diabetes, cancers, and Parkinson’s disease. “This research obviously promises to significantly advance human life”. Now, some people still think this procedure is wrong. Do you think that it is wrong to take some skin cells (that otherwise would have washed down the drain) and put them into an enucleated egg and grown in a petri dish with the intention of curing your grandpa’s Parkinson’s disease? Besides, does your uniqueness really come from your genes? Say that Fred could have a brain transplant with George. So after the procedure is done Fred is still Fred just in George’s body, right? Anyway the point is that brains make you who you are. Not your genes (Petri Dish Politics)! In the 1970’s there was a boy born with no immune system (ADA deficiency). America came to know this boy as “the boy in the plastic bubble” or “bubble boy” because he lived in a large bubble made of plastic. The bubble acted as his immune system; it kept the germs out. He lived into his early teens, but could not see his family or friends. ADA deficiency is a rare disease, and is usually treated with enzyme treatments or bone marrow transplants, but these don’t come close to correcting your immune system. That is until now! In 1990 the first gene engineering on humans was approved. They worked this phenomenon on a four-year-old girl. First they made copies of the normal ADA gene, and then inserted them into a dormant virus. Next they mixed some T cells (part of the immune system) with the ADA gene and the dormant virus. Then that grew into a colony of about a billion. Next they put that into the girls body like a regular, everyday, blood transfusion. Then she returned for a few more. In 1992 the treatment seemed to be working well and her immune system was strong (Thro 81)). Eight years later she is still living a good life, swinging and smiling (How Soon is too Soon). The most studied disease in this field is cystic fibrosis, which is a disease that effects the lungs. A thick, sticky mucus clogs the lungs. This disease makes you vulnerable for fatal infections. People that have this disease usually die before age 30. Scientists have now found the gene that carries cystic fibrosis (Thro 70-72). They can now test adults fore this gene. For example doctors tested Jerry and Emily, a married couple for the gene. They found that Emily has the gene but Jerry doesn’t. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would not get this disease because the gene is recessive. Bob and Linda had the same test done. It says that they both have the gene. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would have this disease. Thanks to genetic engineering scientists can see this. “The pace of scientific advance in genetic engineering is sure to increase (How Soon is too soon).

Scientist has done some genetic engineering testing on animals. In September 1999 Joe Tsien made mice smarter by putting in extra copies of a gene into the mice’s brain cells. In a short time they will be able to put these genes in humans. These humans would have an easier time learning and remembering (Petri Dish Politics). Two groups of scientists have been able to treat hemophilia B in mice and dogs (Thro). From Dolly the lamb we learned that doctors might one day take the nucleus of a skin cell and put them with an egg and mix them with the appropriate hormones and proteins. Then they would turn the cell into a heart tissue; for example, your body would not reject this because it’s a match with your immune system (Petri Dish Politics). If genetic engineering has worked on animals well doesn’t that mean it possibly will work on human’s well in the future?

Genetic engineering is a technology that will help us in the future. As far as we know you CAN NOT change your personality with this maneuver. “Genetic engineering as a whole is one of the most promising technologies on the planet”(www.foxbghsuit.com). With genetic engineering we can make better foods, fight disease and has worked on animals.

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The Articles of Confederation

2009-06-22T08:44:00.000-07:00

The Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an effective government from 1781 to 1789. They were a model of what a loose Confederation should be. The Articles succeeded in maintaining the union of the thirteen states as well as clearly outlining the general powers of the centralized government. Yet, despite these positive deeds there were many setbacks. One primary setback was the feeble government designed to prevent any future abuse of power. However, with all things considered the Constitution that now shapes modern America would have never been formed without first evolving from the flawed Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation were drafted in 1776 by a congress appointed committee even before America declared independence. They became effective on March 1, 1781 when the last of the thirteen states, Maryland, finally ratified the constitution. The Articles were the first written constitution of the Republic of the United States. Thomas Jefferson hailed the Articles as the best one “existing or ever did exist.”

The accomplishments of the Articles that helped provide the United States with a basis for a foundation of government include the development of Congress. The Congress was the chief agency of government comprised of delegates or representatives from each state. The Congress was responsible for conducting foreign affairs, declaring war and peace, maintaining an army and navy as well as establishing a postal service. The Congress took part in significant affairs of the country during the last two years of the Revolution, helped to negotiate treaty of Paris in 1782 and produced two monumental pieces of legislation.

The first momentous legislation passed by the Congress was The Land Ordinance of 1785. Fortunate states such as Virginia and New York owned much acreage in the Old Northwest on the basis of earlier charter grants while the smaller, land hungry states cried injustice. As a result, Congress devised a plan in which the states were to cede their western territory for the benefit of the “common good.” ( Doc. E ) The land was sold and the proceeds were used for the benefit of public schools as well as to pay off national debt.

The second noteworthy legislation passed by Congress was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This act concerned the governing of the Old Northwest territory. The Northwestern “colonies” would be subordinate to the federal government and when their population reached sixty thousand they would be admitted into the Union by Congress with all the rights and privileges of its thirteen other members. Both the Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance proved to be so successful that their basis principles were ultimately carried over to other frontier areas.

However successful the Articles were, most of its accomplishments were outweighed by its weaknesses. Created during the Revolutionary War, the Articles reflected the weariness and the vigilance of the Americans due to the strong central government like that of Britain. The American people were fearful of a government that would ignore individual needs and the abuses that resulted from a strong centralized government. (Doc. G ) As a result, the Articles purposely established a large share of power to the individual states. Also, due to the fear of abuse of power the Articles denied Congress power to collect tax but was able to plead the states to contribute on a voluntary basis.( Doc. A ) In addition the Congress was not allowed power over interstate and foreign commerce.

The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible. There were no executive or judicial branches and therefore no federal courts. The states were so sovereign that the federal laws were enforced by state courts and the central government could not even act directly upon the people. The weaknesses of the Articles further divided the union and as a result the government was not able to properly handle international crises. In 1784 the Mississippi port, controlled by Spain, was closed off to American commerce. This act not only threatened the west’s ability to grow productive but also the budding American economy. John Jay’s negotiations with Spain’s Minister Diego de Gardoqui proved to be fruitless due in part because of the weaknesses and constraints that bound him as a government official. ( Doc. F ) Also, foreign relations with Britain were still strained during the years of the Articles. Britain declined to make a commercial treaty or repeal the ancient Navigation Laws. Even when trade between America and Britain occurred as United States population increased, meaning more goods, the estimated market value for American exports to great Britain still remained the same. ( Doc. B ) Although America’s grievances and demands presented to Britain were all on fair grounds the American government still could not even control its own commerce. ( Doc. D ) These crises along with Shay’s rebellion, sparked the need for a stronger constitution.

By the late 18th century it was clear that the United States would not prosper under the Articles of Confederation. George Washington described the situation under the Articles as “a half-starved limping government, that appears to be always moving upon crutches and tottering at every step.” The American people under the Articles of Confederation grew out of the revolutionary spirit that detested any superior government. Although the call for a new constitution would be opposed by some, the need for an even stronger one was agreed on by all.

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Terrorism

2009-06-22T08:40:00.000-07:00

Where was America on the morning of September 11 prior to 8:44 AM Eastern
time. Going to work? Going to school? Reading the morning paper? Watching the news
as the planes hit the World Trade Center? The events of our lives that morning will be
remembered by all Americans as the world watched in horror as the terrorist crashed into
the World Trade Center. Pure chaos broke loose in New York City. Innocent people’s
were taken, many people badly were injured. All because of terrorist and there leader
Osama bin Laden. This was the worst attack on the United States of America in all of
history. They then went on to crash a plane into the Pentagon killing more innocent
American’s. The terrorist attempted to tear our nation apart through fear. While we are
sorrowful at the loss of our fellow American’s, we have emerged stronger and more
united as a nation then before September 11th. Some of the possible solutions for this
tragic problem are to bomb all terrorist camps and camps supported by al-Qaida, enhance
all securities in airports to insure saftey amongst Americans’, tighten the borders to
prevent illegal aliens from coming to the United States, arrest all suspected terrorist of the
al-Qaida party.

This has been the most devastating attack on the United States ever. They
destroyed people’s lives. Put fear into Americans everyday life. It shook our nation very
badly. President George W. Bush delivered one of the most powerful speeches ever given
when he addressed the nation September 12. “ We will not waver, we will not tire. We
will not falter and we will not fail.” (President George W. Bush)

There are many possible solutions to these problems. The United States are taking all the
possible precautions to prevent another terrorist attack from happening. A possible
solution that the United States Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, is using is airstrikes
on selective targets to provide cover for our ground troops. We bomb during the night,
but to show we do not mean to hurt any innocent civilians we drop food and medicine
during the day. The goals of this campaign was outlined by (Defense Secretary Donald H.
Rumsfeld) Acquiring intelligence that will assist planning for future attacks against Osama
bin Laden’s al-Qaida terrorist network and Afghanistan’s Taliban rulers. Changing “the
military balance over time” by denying to the Taliban the weapons they now use in fighting
various opposition forces, including the northern alliance and tribes in southern
Afghanistan. Developing relationships of groups of Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban
and al-Qaida. Making it more difficult for al-Qaida to use Afghanistan freely as a base of
operation. Making it clear to the Taliban leaders and their supporters that “harboring
terrorists is unacceptable and carries a price.” Providing humanitarian relief to afghans
suffering under the Taliban. (Rumsfeld)

Other possible solutions might be to more closely monitor illegal aliens entering
our country. Particularly at the Canadian borders and Mexican border. Check all of the
Visa’s of the aliens on our country. More closely monitor luggage that is checked onto
airplanes to be sure that the passenger and the luggage are on the same flight. President
Bush, Vice president Chaney, Secretary of State Powell, and Secretary of Defense
Rumsfeld, and Prime Minister Blair need to continue to solidify the coalition of all

nations to uncover and fight terrorism. Attorney General John Ashcroft along with the
heads of the FBI and CIA, are investigating and arresting all possible associates of the
suicide terrorists. World-wide there have been over 900 arrests of terrorist associated
with al-Qaida.

The problem of terrorism will not go away easily. It will take many years of
diligent work by our country’s most capable leaders. The many programs being used by
our government will help to safeguard the American public against terrorist, however the
threat remains constant. No doubt there are still terrorist living amongst us everywhere.
We can only trust that President Bush will continue to work to eliminate terrorism. Not
only in the United States, but with our allies throughout the world.

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The Stress of College Life

2009-05-11T02:39:00.000-07:00

To accomplish your dreams in life, sometimes it takes a lot of college classes and time. Time that you don’t have , or have to work in your schedule. That’s when college stress becomes a problem. College life is very stressful because of the time management, course load, motivation, and the failing of the grades.

Time management is a big deal, when you don’t have that much time to start with. For the past year, Artt has started his day’s at four in the morning. He starts his day off with work, and that was 10 hrs a day. He then drove from work straight to school, and from there, home, to get in his bed. This process went on for about four to five months, it wore him out. On day he found out about time management. This semesters he will go to school full time, and will have four classes to pass. So, he set-up a schedule for himself, the things he has time for and the things got doesn’t have time for. This way if he has an assignment due at a certain time, he will be able to look at his schedule, and mark something out or add something in. So, Artt’s course load won’t be as hard on him at he thought it would.

Artt’s courseload will take a lot out of him this semester. He will take four major classes biol, soci, math, engl, and also will have to maintain a part-time job. With this being his schedule, he will have to use his time wisely. Most of these classes he signed up for are reading and memorizing classes. So most of his time will be at home, trying to get caught up on is reading materials. The reason he is taking so many classes is because, if he keeps at this pace he will be finished with school within a year an a half.

His major doesn’t need that many years, but he has to know all his information before he can start any of his major classes. He loves the struggle that he will have to make to achevice his goal. Artt believes that he would appreicate it more. So, he will have to motivate himself, to accomplish everything.

Motivating himself, has to be the worse, or the most stressful thing to do. There is always someone around him, letting him know what he can and can not do. Sometimes it hurts to know that there is always someone looking over you hoping you will fail. However, to know this, it only make him stronger, and a smarter person. Artt trys his best to be all that he can, Negative only motivates him more. After, he looks at te whole situation, he noticed that in the end he only has himself. He knows that no one else will be there to help him, and that he will have to help himself and stay forces on what’s important. He knows that if he doesn’t stay focused, he will fail.

Failing is not a good category for him, because if he fails he has successed at anything. Artt has so many classes to worry about, that he has no time to fail. If he wants to be finished with school within a year, than he will have no time to slack at anything. With his new time amnagement schedule that he has set-up for himself, he should have enough time to study, or even get any homework done. Artt know’s the course load that he has taken on for himself. So with that in mind, he knows what he has to accomplish for himself.

Artt has so much to do, in so little time. With all the college stress, he has to be responsible. The time he used to spend on doing nothing, and sitting around, can actually pay off by studying . He can also learn how to become more responsible, with the course load that he has taken on each semester. Having more daily duties, will give him a chance to organize his time, and figure out the next step. His motivation has to be very high, and I should be able to tell himself that he can do it, with or with out anyone. After all the pressure, and motivation his goals can and will be accomplished. Failing is not an option, and will never be an option.

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Should Drugs be legalize or not?

2009-05-11T02:35:00.000-07:00

Now days we have hear or seen debates on T.V. on whether the Government should or should not legalize drugs. Drugs have become part of a problem in society, but on the other hand drugs have been medicine to many people who have personal problem. Drugs can ruined your life if they are consume, but people with problem of drug can be treated. Drugs have their advantages and have its disadvantages, but should drugs be legalized or not?

Drugs shouldn’t be legalizing for many reasons; for example, they can be addictive and bad. A person can become addictive with drugs at times, and once you become addictive there isn’t much to do unless the person addictive to it is willing to do something about it. I’ve seen many cases where young people (teenagers) have die because of the overdose of cocaine, marihuana or any other drug. Drugs are dangerous and bad to our bodies, especially to the brain. Drugs are also destructive and not only to our bodies, but it can’t destruct our families and friends. If the government wants to legalize drugs and people agree with them would only be to destruct family values and young people’s life. Even if the government would legalize drugs another strong illegal drug is going to be released or drug dealers would be ruined, so that kind of thing is never going to be stop.

On the other hand drugs should be legalize because it can stop crime, and police would have less worries. We’ve seen on news that many innocent people have die because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time, and for some reason they were involve in a fight that had to deal with drugs and they didn’t have nothing do to with drugs. So if drugs would be legalize all of those crimes would stop and innocent people would stop paying for something they didn’t do.

Another reason, what is wrong to put into or do with our bodies, the United States is a free country or it isn’t? If someone wants to blow their brains out it’s their own business, as long they don’t do anything to you. Now days Tobacco is the most addictive drug in our society, which is also bad is just that it takes more time for a person to die than any other drugs, like marihuana or cocaine. The Government waste 40 billions of dollars trying to intercept drug shipments, instead on wasting all that money in drug shipments they should waste it in other things; for example, in homeless people, people with disabilities, schools, cities, etc. If drugs were legalized society would have fewer problems with crimes and police would have fewer worries.

This world has change a lot and there isn’t much that we can do to solve the problem. People die or kill for drugs and police can’t do nothing about it. The Government would have less worry if they legalize drugs, but a lot of young lives are going to die. While on the other hand not legalizing drugs would save peoples lives. Drugs are good and bad in their own way depending on how people use them.

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Music and Its Effects on Teenagers

2009-05-08T10:05:00.000-07:00

Music, by definition, is “the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity” (Webster 781). This particular form of art has transcended time, serving as a form of expression used by people of every cultural background in nearly every country in the world; most importantly, in that of American society. There aren’t many people in this free world who don’t listen to some form of it. Among those individuals stand the emerging species known as the youth of America. Music, itself, has undergone dramatic changes over time, as it continues to evolve along with its creators and listeners. It’s not so much the music alone, but the lyrics entwined in it, that has gained perhaps the most attention. Ever since the introduction of rock and roll music more than forty years ago, music lyrics have become a national issue of controversy and concern. During the past four decades, rock music lyrics have become increasingly explicit, involving references to sex, drugs, and violence. Now, as America enters into a new millennium, the core of youth culture is finding itself surrounded by this “pop rock” phenomenon, a sensation that is ever so increasingly serving as a strong impact on the lives and often the behavior of the young people in society. The evidence is clear and concise, that the influence this music has, particularly on children and teenagers, is becoming greater than ever; unfortunately, it is not always in a positive manner.

In order to allow for a greater understanding of pop music’s role in adolescent culture, one needs a better understanding of adolescence itself and how the particular stage in human development affects the brain. Many think of adolescence as the teenage years, but experts in child development tend to say that age ten marks the beginning of this time in life. It is also suggested that the easiest way to tell if a child has reached adolescence is to notice whether or not he or she has developed a passion for popular music. Once this “passion” occurs, the mind, mood, and overall emotional state of adolescents becomes increasingly affected (O’ Toole 1). “Music alters and intensifies their moods, furnishes much of their slang, dominates their conversations, and provide the ambiance at their social gatherings. Music styles define the crowds and cliques they run in. Music personalities provide models for how they act and dress” (O’Toole 2). Adolescents use music most to control mood and enhance emotional states. Music can make a bad mood better and allow teenagers to escape them; the same fact goes for people of all ages. However, teenage moods are more susceptible to becoming negatively enhanced. So it allows reason to believe that music lyrics about suicide and violence have occasionally led troubled youth to commit suicide or violent crimes, which proves that the music they are listening to, does effect their behavior (O’Toole 4). Dr. Norman Weinberger, a professor of neurobiology with the University of California, says several important findings show that "music can color our transactions with the world. Our thinking and behavior are colored by music, which seems to have direct and unconscious access to the brain. Furthermore, music does not necessarily create emotions but provides a trigger for the release of emotions already present” (O’Toole 4). This belief of possible behavioral effects has also been linked to educational performance. The relationship between school grades and the music a particular student listens to may or may not be closely related. Studies have indicated that early school achievement has an influence on musical taste later on, however, not the other way around. Believing otherwise, “only comes from common teenage stereotypes” (O'Toole 3-4).

Whether it involves a newborn baby listening to a nighttime lullaby, a middle-aged housewife humming the melody of a classic love ballad, or a teenage student bopping his head to the latest “gangsta rap joint,” music is a major part of the everyday lives of people all over the world. Today, this growing appeal for music is at its peak, and society’s fascination is greater than ever. Music, however, means so much more to teens than it does to anyone else. "Adolescents use music to gain information about the adult world, to withdraw from social contact, to facilitate friendships and social settings, or to help them create a personal identity” (O’Toole 5). Many factors contribute to this growing appeal. One factor that affects adolescent appeal is gender. Males and females differ greatly in how much they like various music genres. Females tend to show more attention to pop music and “black music,” including rap and hip-hop, and show a strong dislike for hard rock and heavy metal. Males generally are attracted to mainstream pop less than females. They commonly think of pop music as “hip and uncool.” Gender, however, plays only a minor role in the genre of music that appeals to teens. Race continues to be a factor in musical taste, especially in today’s world. African Americans stand as raps strongest fans, but this is often referred to as a stereotypical conclusion. It appears today that rap is at its highest point, and its appeal is forever growing. Rap music is now appealing to white Americans just as much as it does to African Americans. (Leeds 8). Another factor that contributes to music appeal, perhaps one of the strongest, is social background and environment. Where a child lives, how one was brought up, and the overall atmosphere that surrounds them does affect the kind of music one may listen to. Lastly, personality and a teen’s well-being plays a major role in music preferences and what kind of affect it has on them. Music is not usually a danger for a teenager whose life is happy and healthy. However, troubled or disturbed teens often turn to styles of music that may express the same kind of rage or emotions they are experiencing, and most of the time that kind of music offers violent and harmful solutions to problems they may be having (AACAP 1). Therefore, whether its gender, race, one’s well-being or background, factors of appeal when it comes to music fascination, vary with every teen, but without a doubt it proves just how much of an impact music has on adolescents.

Music, without a doubt, has played a vital role in American culture. Like the change in times, this form of entertainment and art has undergone dramatic changes. Since the introduction of rock and roll nearly forty years ago, music has been the subject of many controversies and stands as a growing concern for society. During the past four decades, music lyrics have become increasingly explicit, many containing reference to sex, drugs, and violence. Recently, heavy metal and rap music lyrics have brought forth the greatest concern. In some cases, lyrics communicate potentially harmful messages. For years, rappers like Snoop Dogg and Ice-T were put under the spotlight when it came to many of their lyrics, which usually involved references to sex, drugs, and violence. Some of Ice-T’s lyrics often became a subject of great controversy, especially when singing about the killing of cops, whom he’d express his great hatred towards. These lyrics in particular are of great concern in today’s world, one filled with unprecedented threats to adolescents. Pregnancy, drug use, sexually transmitted diseases, injuries, homicide, and suicide have all become part of “the landscape of everyday life for many American teens” (AAP 1). To date, no studies have proven that sexually explicit or violent lyrics cause adverse behavioral effects. It has been said that this lack of finding comes from the belief that teenagers often do not know the lyrics or fully understand their meaning. One study set out to prove this theory. In it, thirty percent of teenagers knew the lyrics to their favorite songs, and their comprehension varied greatly (Leeds 6). Most teens tend to interpret their favorite songs as “being about love, friendship, growing up, life’s struggles, having fun, cars, religion, and other topics that relate to their life” (Koehler 4).

With the creation of MTV, Music Television, in the 1980’s, the art of music videos was born. Music videos are a “powerful new force” in adolescent culture (O’Toole 3). Music video formats have become increasingly popular among children and adolescents. When music lyrics are illustrated through videos, their potential impact is magnified. For those teenagers who may not understand the lyrics to their favorite songs, they cannot avoid the, sometimes, disturbing images contained in many videos. Probably the most well known masters of producing images like these, is rocker, Marilyn Manson. Very rarely can one sit through a music video of his without seeing some scene of torture or gross innuendo. These videos are nothing but fancy computer images and cheap special effects. The fact remains these images are being seen by young people all over the world. Another chief example involves almost every single rap video ever made. Very rarely can one be seen without images of sex, drugs, or some kind of violent act, and nearly every kid in America has access to scenes of this nature. Studies show that 70 percent of American households get cable television and most teens have access to MTV and VH-1 and watch an average of a half hour to two hours of music videos daily. As with music lyrics, a teen’s ability to comprehend and interpret music videos varies widely and may be important to their potential impact (AAP 2).

As American further ventures into a new millennium, music lyrics and videos are becoming more and more of a national issue. The issue of music and its impact on society rests clearly on the shoulders of its creators, the ever-rising music industry. The many artists involved in making music are often the blame for the actions of society, teens in particular. Musicians do not want to be role models for kids, and they don’t necessarily write their music for a teen audience. However, everyday, children and teens are gaining access to all kinds of music, and the artists creating it are constantly being criticized and held responsible for their behavior. “These artists are using the language and images they feel are appropriate to describe the situations and ideas they sing about.” Marilyn Manson, for example, has been a major target when it comes to influencing negative teenage behavior. He thinks the world is in a state of moral and ethnic decline, full of “self-righteous hypocrites” (Wydra 2). His music is full of twisted images of decay and corruption. He has been attacked as a bad example for children, and someone who might turn “unsuspecting adolescents into devil worshipers” (Wydra 2). The same goes for the more recent issues surrounding Detroit rapper, Eminem, whose violent and hateful lyrics against homosexuals and women have all of America in a never-ending debate over the freedom of speech. There still remains no clear cut relationship between the lyrics sang by Manson and Eminem, and the actions of teens. However it is clear that these lyrics, intended or not, are influencing society (Wydra 2-3).
While there remains to be no real clear cause and effect relationship between the actions of adolescents and the music they listen to, studies have made important findings.

Unfortunately, the results of these studies vary dramatically, and it still remains a debatable mystery in American society. Music, which has evolved greatly in the last forty years, continues to be held responsible for teenage behavior, whether it be in a good or bad way. Artists and their lyrics are constantly surrounding the landscape of adolescent culture. In some way or another, what a child listens to does have some sort of influence on them. Their minds are being affected and in some cases, so is their behavior and actions. So, what is in store for the future? As the music industry continues to emerge, and a person’s right to free speech slowly expands with time, the lyrics of its artists and the images in their videos are becoming increasingly explicit. As time transcends, more and more of the adolescent population are finding themselves surrounded by music’s marvel appeal and the influential factors can only become greater in its seemingly never-ending impact on adolescent society in America.

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Modern Art

2009-05-08T09:59:00.000-07:00

The term ‘Modern Art’ applies to the forward thinking architects, designers and artisans who from the 1880s onwards created new and diverse ideas, particularly to escape the oppression of stark representation. Artists became frustrated with the inability to convey emotion and real meaning. Modern artists saw that representationalism had all been done many times over. Perhaps the introduction of photography added to this mood, was there still a need for realism? Modernists broke with tradition and a progression of many new art movements was developed.

It began with Impressionism. Artists created works that depicted the effects that light has when it falls on objects. This gave a new found freedom to art. Soon after, the Expressionists became interested in the depiction of emotions and the types of responses those same emotions evoke. Artists worked with a freely expressive use of colour and form. A fine example of this is Gauguins ‘Woman with Flower’. Next a fascination with primitive art became very influential. We can see this influence in Cubism; a good example is Picassos ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. Picasso deliberately moved away from realism as he realised that is was inadequate when it came to expressing emotion. Artists believed art was for art’s sake, a famous example of this was when Marcel DuChamp took a urinal and signed it R. Mutt. He believed that because he was an artist it was art. The freedom to express was evident. This period was known as Dada. In the 1920s-1940s the Bauhaus was introduced, applying some of the concepts of Cubism to architecture and art. During 1924-1930s dreamlike states made way for Surrealism as artists shared a fascination with the strange. Watches melted, apples replaced heads and fun was introduced to art. In the 1960s artists expressed images of popular culture. Pop Art brought art to the material realities of everyday life, to popular culture, in which ordinary people derived most of their visual pleasure from television, magazines, or comics. During the 1970s Minimalism was the way to go. Art was reduced to the simplest of elements and what you see is what you get.

Modern art may not need the hand eye co-ordination that realist art has, but it is still a result of a thoughtful and deliberate choice of the artist.

Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan, performance artist, folk singer or poet? Dylan’s response when asked replied ‘just a guitar player’ (Pennebaker’s. D.A, Video). Bob Dylan created music that purposely set out to challenge, provoke and create a response within society and his audience. Therefore I feel he can be classed, among other things, as a performance artist. Born Robert Zimmerman in the USA 1941 Dylan has been ‘on the road’ since the death of his hero Woody Guthrie who’s hobo folk music carrying news to poor folk across the USA proved inspirational to Dylan. Some say Dylan is the voice of the oppressed, the champion of the small man. His career started in the early nineteen sixties and he remains in the highest esteem of the cream of modern day musicians.

‘Protest singer’ was an early tag put on Dylan perhaps because of his arrival on the ‘scene’ coinciding with the underlying dis - ease in the USA with the intensity of the Vietnam war in which they were entrenched. During this period he spent three years supplying marching songs for the campus protests against the war, hypocrisy and discrimination. This created a reaction with the right wing press who Dylan referred to as ‘the idiot wind’. However Dylan has never been an artist to rest on his success and he has written and performed songs constantly over the past forty years. These include comments and insights into politics, life’s injustices, and rights of the poor man, social issues, love and its reflections and the liberation of the mind. This he has done successfully. Dylan’s artistic style challenges people to think about where they are and what they and others are up to in life. Many of Dylan’s song have the status of anthems such as Mr Tambourine Man, All along the Watch Tower, I Shall be Released, but arguably the man in the street will remember ‘Blowin’ in the Wind’, a song to the human race asking when will they get there act together, featuring lines such as ’Yes,n how many ears must one man have Before he can hear people cry?’ (Cape.J 1987 Pg. 77)

As a performance Artist Dylan has been and continues to be a thought provoking inspiration throughout the world. However Dylan’s reaction to such labelling is ‘I am not a preacher or travelling salesman. I do what I do. There was a time I cared if anyone understood. Not anymore…(Shelton.R 1986 Pg. 329).

Vanessa Beecroft
Vanessa Beecroft was born in Genoa, Italy in 1969 and now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She studied architecture, painting and stage design and now concentrates on performance art. Her work features the installation of groups of young women creating performances about the union of high fashion and art history. She has become known for pieces involving up to twenty similar women wearing underwear, high heels (or trainers), maybe tights or wigs, and not much else. Her work is done with the professionalism of a commercial art – director. She uses make – up artists and lighting designers to achieve this standard.

The performances consist of the groups of women positioned for up to two hours in the same position with the occasional movement. Critics have said the work is ‘Fascist and incorrect’ others have said ‘it’s art, it's fashion. It's good, it's bad. It's sexist, it's not’. (Smith.R The New York Times, 1998). One of her performances titled "Show" featured twenty tall gorgeous women, mostly professional models, standing in a museum. Fifteen wore elegant red bikinis and matching four-inch spike heels; the others just wore the shoes. The wardrobe was designed by Tom Ford of Gucci and the makeup by Pat Mc Grath. It included light body-makeup and powdered hair that contributed to the walking-mannequin effect. The women stared into space, aloof and indifferent. Occasionally the models would stretch, crouched or walked slowly around. Vanessa said ‘ I want women on heels because that’s powerful, that’s not natural nudity or pureness,’ ‘When men see these woman standing on heels as if she were dressed, and facing the audience, well, if that’s what they like to see, then here it is, so what. I don’t know if that will create more respect or go somewhere beyond that. Maybe after they see it twenty times they’ll start not to think of it the same way, I’m not sure. It’s an experiment’

Vanessa Beecroft calls them an "army" that empowers women and refers to her instructions to them as "rules". She also claims an indifference to the presence of men in the audience. She said, ‘the true beauty of women has never been reflected in art or fashion’ (Smith.R The New York Times, 1998). I feel this statement is very untrue. She is implying that she aims for greater accuracy by presenting the real thing in this highly artificialized structured form. Is she not just exposing women? Does she have to use models to express the female form, is it not just a pretentious show of glamour and high fashion. Or is she relating to girl-power and feminism? When studying her work these are questions that come to my mind. But, she is after all a performance artist and is it not her job to shock and question our confusion within her subject and the way she exhibits?

So what is all the fuss surrounding good-looking female models taking off their clothes and standing around in galleries and museums? Of course people are going to want to have a look! Could it be that contemporary art is in such danger of becoming insignificant that any bit of scandal, which creates public interest, is desperately embraced?

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Relationships

2009-04-29T09:33:00.000-07:00

Many controversial issues storm the world today. Everyone has opinions about how they view these issues. Some of the most popular issues are; legalizing marijuana, abortion, interracial relationships, gun control, and homelessness. The issue of discussion here is that of interracial relationships. This was chosen because everyone in the world is affected by or is around them. This issue is also something that can be discussed by everyone. Some people do not mind dating outside of their race and some people are highly against dating those of a different race. There are logical arguments that favor and disfavor both opinions. This is why it is so controversial. The topic of interracial relationships can be reasonably discussed by giving background descriptions of it, analyzing formal literary elements, and by a persuasive discussion.

The world has many different races. The most common are white Caucasians, black African Americans, Mexican/Spanish, Asians, Native American Indians, and islanders. The world in the far past was extremely segregated in that each race/ethnic group lived in with each other and had very little relations to other groups. Now that the world is rapidly growing it is becoming more difficult to keep the different races separated. For instance, in the United States, each of the races described above reside here freely. The Caucasian race has always been the more overpowering of the races. Whites held African Americans slaves years ago as well as forced the Indians of America to give up their land. These activities are heavily present in the minds of these effected racial groups, and this causes great friction between the races when people believe it is harmless to associate sexually in a biracial way.
The issue of interracial dating is controversial because it joins two races and in many eyes brings back past memories of how minority races were unequally treated. Also, Whites, more often than not, disapprove of interracial relationships because of the resulting appearance of the children. For example “Parents fear how their children will be treated as a result of the relationship.”(Burnette, 2) This is saying that the parents of the interracial couple are worried about their children having children together because of how the child would be treated. When a White woman or man has a child with an African American woman or man, the child appears more Black than White. To clarify where this is going, “Families also argue that interracial couples re selfish for getting married because their children will have identity problems.”(Burnette, 2). This is said because of the fact that the children born do not resemble their mother or father. Also, the child does not look white at all and this is a common argument for why white people oppose interracial relationships. Many say that the white race diminishes because of this. Furthermore, many argue that the only reason a person of color marries a white person is to move up in social status. “Black men will trade certain personal assets, for example, money and physical attractiveness, for the status of a union with a white woman in compensation for her higher racial caste.”(Yancey, 2) This is an example of how a Black man may be perceived in his motives.

On the other side, millions of people believe that dating outside of their race is okay. Usually people of color do not mind dating others of a different ethnic background as opposed to Whites, who are more against the idea. However, there is still a large number of whites that do not mind. Presently, many people that are in an interracial relationship are actually in it for the love. For instance, “The fact is that individuals in interracial couples are attracted to each other for the same reasons that individuals in same race couples are, they consistently state that they get married because they like and love each other.”(Burnette, 2) this is evidence that there are biracial couples in the relationship for more than just to gain something out of it, they are in the relationship for love. Many of the people that approve of interracial mixing are the younger people of the world, the teenagers because they are surrounded by it early on whereas the older people of society were not exposed to different races being in a relationship because it was not as accepted as it is now. This idea is strongly supported by the statement “I think people are getting used to growing up with different races, and you feel a lot more comfortable now, says Vertice Duke.” (Peterson, 2)

Furthermore, the fact remains that the human race is continuing to change and this includes all nationalities. Therefore, interaction rates among nationalities increases. So, many people understand that the frequency of races mixing is going to increase and it is accepted with these people. For these reasons, the issue of interracial relationships is very controversial because each side has strong reasons for either accepting or opposing it.

The second way of discussing the issue of interracial relationships is by analyzing several different articles on the issue and the specific rhetorical elements that they contain. To start off, the most common rhetorical element that is used amongst all four articles is appeal to emotion. The issue of interracial relationships can be a very touchy subject sometimes and when speaking to someone whose opinion is different from yours, it is very beneficial to appeal to his/her emotions. Every human has emotions and this characteristic can be helpful and can sometimes be harmful in certain circumstances. In this case it is harmful because people are vulnerable to persuasion if the fact given to them appeals to their emotions. Therefore it is not surprising that all four authors used this appeal to emotion device. For example, the author of the article Interracial Sex uses appeal to emotion to get the reader to sympathize with white women and their reasons for dating a man of color by saying “Such a woman naturally falls from the good graces of other White folk, but the pedestal is a small price to pay for her hard-won sexual fulfillment.”(Monroy, 1) Similarly, Karen Peterson, the author of USA Today’s article Interracial Dating uses appeal to emotion to touch younger people by saying “Pocahontas is an interracial dating story in a cartoon for children.”(Peterson, 4) Children can be persuaded more easily and playing on their emotional side has a very successful effect.

An article in the magazine Ebony by Lynn Norment titled Wesley Snipes On His Hot Career, Black Women, Interracial Relationships And His Multimillion-Dollar Hideaway really acts on the emotions of any admirers because when someone admires someone, he/she tries hard to be like that someone. The author uses Snipes’ experiences to strengthen her argument on interracial dating and this appeals to the emotions of his admirers. To clarify, Norment writes “Continuing with his openness, Snipes says he’s had his heart broken more than once, and at times by Black women.”(Norment, 6) She says this because when she was speaking to Snipes, he declared that when he dated someone of his own race he had his heart broken, and those that cherish Wesley Snipes do not want that at all. Lastly, the rhetorical element of appeal to emotion was exhibited also an article on the web entitled The Strengths of Mixed-Race Relationships. This author chose to strengthen the opposing party of interracial relationships. The author Erin Burnette wants the reader to sympathize with the parents of the interracial couple by saying “Parents fear how their children’s children will be treated as a result of the relationship.”(Burnette, 2) Grandparents have the image of being very wise and as the author portrays this, people really listen.

The second rhetorical element commonly displayed is that of a statistical element. Using statistics to move an audience in a certain direction is very successful in the results. People will believe cold, hard, proven facts over just about anything else. Also, just the idea that some individual or group of people took the time to research a certain topic gives the audience confidence in the results laid before them. For example, USA Today has an article that gives statistical evidence on how interracial relationships are becoming more accepted. The article Interracial Dating by Karen Peterson emphasizes this by the statement “They also credit increasing acceptance and frequency of interracial marriage: There were nearly 1.3 million married interracial couples in 1994, the Census Bureau reported, four times the number in 1970.”(Peterson, 2) This statistical element represented in this article gives the readers a stronger more believable perspective on how Peterson is trying to reveal interracial relationships. In the article The Strengths of Mixed-Raced Relationship by Erin Burnette, statistical devices are also used. “Within 50 years, half of the U.S population will be people of color, said Christine Iijima Hall, PhD.”(Burnette, 1), this statement not only was said by a woman with an advanced education, but it reveals facts about how the population will increase. Ms. Hall, a psychologist is known for her research in this field and just about everything she is known to say comes from her findings which are, in every aspect, factual statistics. It is much easier to believe something that has been proven and demonstrated than believing just opinion-like words from someone.

The last rhetorical element used in the discussion of interracial relationships is that of scientific tone. Of the four articles examined, only one shows evidence of this element. To some that might demonstrate that adding a twist of science into an argument is not as persuasive considering many people today do not believe in scientific methods or practices. However, Burnette, the author of The Strengths of Mixed-Race Relationships believes it helps capture the audience. Burnette probably uses a scientific method because some would understand why interracial relationships last if they saw that certain actions have reactions. For instance, she says “Despite the inherent difficulties of mixing two cultures into one romantic union, some mixed-race couples actually have stronger relationships as a result of the unique experiences they endure.” (Burnette, 1) The key phrase in this is “as a result” because it is much like a scientific experiment in its own sense. All in all, using a touch of science might persuade some people because they would better understand the reasons of interracial success if they knew what caused it to be a success.

Before I actually researched this topic, I had my opinion formulated beforehand. I have nothing other than complete support for two people of different racial backgrounds dating one another. There are so many negative vibrations all over the world because of violence and hatred that it hurts very much when someone puts another down for loving someone. It should be enough that someone gives a certain other great happiness in life and that happiness is what the world needs more of. Additionally, people might think that biracial couples are a mismatch; well, what can people say about a white man and a white woman marrying and then divorcing a month later? Is this not a mismatch as well? Marriage is a very honorable thing to do and is disrespected by the act of divorce more often with same race couples than mixed race couples.

The human race is all one species and therefore humans are all related somehow just as all birds are related in some way. Some may argue that the children of a biracial couple have to go through many dilemmas and must cope with negative societal acceptance. These incidents occur in small numbers in today’s world and people dwell on these few scenarios, well what about the big picture? Members of the Caucasian race are more opposed to interracial relationships because the children that result are supposedly not “white” in their appearance. Well, anyone who agrees with this is and still advocates that image is not everything is a hypocrite. The reason I say this is because I have noticed that society is pushing hard against the “image is everything” notion and is trying to persuade society into judging a person by who he/she is inside. Interracial relationships are usually formed for the same reasons as same race relationships are, because each person in the relationship adores the other. Yet, this biracial couple is still despised by many because the one of them is a little darker or a little different than the “common” image of the other.

I have grown up with this issue eating me up because my parents are a biracial couple. My mother is Caucasian (German) and my father is African American-Caucasian mixed, so I am 25% African American. I know I am going to become a benefit to society and if interracial relationships were banned, the world would never be able to benefit from what I can offer. The future is curious to many and if we were allowed to see, say, ten years ahead and we saw that a biracial child found the cure for AIDS, would people then accept interracial mixing? The point is that there is a reason for the interaction of different races, if it is for the greater good, then interracial relationships should not be argued about.

To sum up, interracial relationships is a very controversial issue that is discussed here by first describing the issue, then analyzing it rhetorically, and later revealing an opinion in a persuasive manner. Everyone has an opinion about biracial couples and there are valid and logical arguments for both sides. There are some situations that occur when two people are trying to persuade one another to believe their side. Situations like this should be handled in formative and logical ways not by arguing. Society is full of debatable issues that need resolving and we tend to do this violently. The world will always have controversy but how it is handled is what matters in the long run.

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Peer Pressure

2009-04-29T09:28:00.000-07:00

A human being has his or her certain traits or personalities. There are several types of personalities, but it is only classified as either positive or a negative personality. Some people are kind, gentle, loving, caring, thoughtful. These are just several of the ones in the positive side. Others are cruel, rude, careless, irresponsible. Now these ones are just a few of the negative side. Through life a person experiences many things in life like how to survive or how to communicate. At the earliest times of life a person learns through his surroundings and then applies that experience through the society. People then say things like, “ah, that boy is really annoying!” or “that daughter of yours is a smart one.” The society comments on one’s personality. From my experience, one of the most vital points of learning was when I was a young teenager and I must say that friends really do make an impact on my personality. Among all, my peers were the ones who influenced me the most.

As early as 5th grade, I have met so many kids at school and made tons of friends. I was always shy and quiet most of the time, but my friends gave me the strength to just go out there and be myself. By then, I was playing with all the kids at my classroom and some on other neighboring classes. After school I’d rather stay a little longer because we were just having so much fun. We’d play basketball for more than an hour or just chat by the court or just hang-out anywhere. My friends would call me at home and then invite for a stroll around a nearby park. Sometimes I get grounded because of spending too much time with my friends causing me to forget about homework and my studies. If that happens, I would sneak out through the back gate of our house and call my friends to go play somewhere. Also, music was then realized. Whatever my friends would listen to I would also. I would buy the same tapes, bring a walkman at school, even get some of those rock band t-shirts.

It was graduation and now welcome to my years of high school. My friends have grown and so have I. We tried many different new things. We now would more likely to talk with girls. It was new and enjoying. My friends would wear signature clothes and if you had those insanely prized signature clothes you are now one of the “cool” kids. So I did. My mother was also fond of these signature clothes so it was alright for me to also wear a few. Another new experience was people were divided into groups. They are sort of labeled. The cool ones, the musicians, the playboys, the sporty ones, and nerds or just a little too intelligent and smart for the other groups. I was one of the musicians. My friends are very talented when it comes to music. They inspired me to just learn a deep side of music. Sometimes all the groups would mix up and there wasn’t much of a conflict. The only problem is the “nerds” were a little too “uncool.” They remained isolated from mostly everyone. There are also bad things I learned when I was in high school. Some of my friends were smoking cigarettes and we thought it was “cool” to smoke. I smoked a few sticks and I thought I was cool. For the first few weeks it was all about being cool, but later on it became a bad habit. My friends also drank alcohol and then again so did I. It didn’t become a habit, but instead it became more of a socializing with people.

I became senior in high school. After school me and my friends would hang-out at our nearby friend’s house and just relax and have a chat. We would have a couple of drinks and a few smokes. At night, my friends would then take me to parties or clubs. There was so much pressure between school and friends. I almost flunked one subject and almost didn’t graduate. Other times, my friends would be really of great help. We would set up a “group talk” to know how we can help each other. It’s just a matter of controlling your responsibilities between friends, school, and family. I treat my friends like brothers or sisters. To me they are family. I think peer pressure would probably last for some time. Friends are always there in good and bad times. Their influence is unquestionable. I have spent most of my time with them. It’s just how you would handle your responsibilities as an individual.

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Criminology

2009-04-15T08:44:00.000-07:00

Offender profiling is a set of techniques used to try and identify perpetrators of a serious crime. Offender profiling will tend to use the expertise of a professional psychologist, although profilers come from different types of backgrounds because there is no specific training for the job. The profiler will draw on his knowledge of personality theory to attribute personality traits to the offender. The profiler will consider many elements when carrying out a profile, such as the crime scene, the offence, the sex of the victim and offender, body deposition site and the interaction style. These are just a few of the issues the profiler will consider. There are many different definitions of offender profiling today; according to Turco (1993) offender profiling is Сthe preparation of a biological sketch, gathered from information taken at a crime scene, from the personal history and habits of a victim, and integrating this with known psychological theory". However, other psychologists are much more sceptical of offender profiling, for example according to Harrower (2000), offender profiling is seen as the sexy speciality of forensic psychology largely as a result of Fitz in Cracker (TV drama). But the poetic license allowed in that TV series hasnТt been particularly helpful to psychology as a discipline".

Offender Profiling is popular both in the UK and the USA, but like many things the UK and USA use their different methods. The USA uses what we call a "top-down" approach and the UK uses a "bottom-up approach", which contrast quite significantly.

The "bottom- up approach" is where information is gathered and conclusions are drawn strictly from the evidence, with previous knowledge or experience not being used.
Boon and Davies (1992) suggested that the British approach to offender profiling is "bottom up" as the profiler only uses information gathered from the scene of the crime, and information about the crime itself, and from this information a picture of the criminal is suggested. Conclusions are tentative, being formed from what has been observed.

In the UK a psychologist called David Canter who works at Liverpool University dominates offender profiling. It was while at Surrey University, he was asked by the Metropolitan police if he could help them, or tell them anything about a serial rapist, who was later found to be a serial murderer. David Canter gave a remarkably accurate profile of the killer John Duffy, who was convicted in 1988 of the rapes and murders.

Canter further suggested that criminals, like all people act in a consistent way and that all actions are linked no matter the setting, and therefore an analysis of their behavior can offer clues as to their lifestyle during a non-offending period, thus aiding possible detection and arrest. Canter thought that because people live in a social context there would be an implicit relationship between offender and victim, which could also help to offer clues to the offender's life. Canter's approach to offender profiling is much more scientific than that of the FBI's, as it based more on psychological theories and methodologies. Canter thought criminals left certain psychological traces after committing a crime; СЕ.tell-tale patterns of behavior that indicate the sort of person he is. Gleaned from the crime scene and reports from witnesses, these traces are more ambiguous and subtle than those examined by a biologist or physicist". They are more like shadows which can indicate where investigators should look, and what sort of person they should be looking for". (Canter 1994)

Canter believes the way he can help police in investigations is by using sets of data to look at correlation's between things like time and location of offence, choice of victim, and analysis of speech, and develop trends and patterns. Canter claims this method is more valid than sensational interviews whose validity is suspect.

Canter has lead to the arrest and convictions of very dangerous serial killers such as John Duffy and serial rapists such as Adrian Babb, along with other offender profilers such as Paul Britton.

When making a profile for the police, Canter found that interpersonal coherence between the offender and victim is an important factor, this means for example how violent the offender was in a rape, in that was he apologetic or was he very abusive and controlling. This may reflect the way the criminal treats other women, in his non-criminal life. Also the type of victim may also reflect the sub-group to which the criminal belongs. For example Ted Bundy killed over 30 students, when he himself was a student. The time and place of the crime may also be significant when making a profile. The precise location of the crime and the map of the relationship between the places in which a series of offences took place, may relate to where the offender is living and to his past experience. Forensics are important when making a profile. For example if a rapist has been questioned previously by the police, their crimes may leave indications of this, this can be shown by some rapists who make their victims bathe to get rid of forensic evidence, so a check of police records is always worthwhile. According to Boon and Davies (1992) Canter and his colleagues identified five aspects of criminal behaviour which is very significant and revealing; the location, criminal biography, personal characteristics, domestic and social characteristics and occupational history. Another important aspect is geography, where criminals may feel comfortable committing the crime.

By contrast the "top down" approach to offender profiling, involves using previous knowledge and information to draw conclusions about a current situation, and is reliant on subjective conclusions that come from investigative experience of crimes and criminal interviews. The American method of offender profiling is called a "top-down" approach.

The FBI and its behavioural science unit have received much attention compared to Canter and Britton through the years, possibly due to fictional films and characters such as Agent Starling in "The silence of the lambs", although these movies do not illustrate the real aspects of offender profiling. In the USA, the NCAVC (National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) is responsible for handling around 1500 cases a year, and helped convince the UK to make a profile to catch the Yorkshire Ripper. In 1970's USA there was a huge increase in the number of murders and rapes, the work of serial killers such as John Wayne Gacey, David Berkowitz and Ted Bundy. In 1979 the Behavioral sciences unit (BSU) was set up, initially a team of 9 whose task was to continue the work pioneered by James Brussel, the profiler who produced a very accurate profile of "the mad bomber".

The BSU started by building up a library of interviews with the countries worst convicted serial killers and rapists, including Charles Manson and Ted Bundy. From this the BSU gained a valuable insight into the mind of a killer and became known as "the mind hunters". Also the collection of detailed information from the BSU who were experienced in the area of sexual crime and murder, was combined with the interviews to give psychological clues and predictions to the crime, for example the age of the offender, marital status and the occupation of the offender.

The FBI then developed a classification system for serious crimes, where by murderers were classified as organised, meaning they are very meticulous, planning their crime very well and leaving no forensic evidence, usually intelligent, have skilled jobs, probably married and are sexually competent. It is quite possible they acted out this crime when they was angry or depressed, maybe affected by reports of crime in the media. In contrast, murderers could also be classified as disorganised, meaning the crime was very unplanned and haphazard, therefore more likely to leave clues. Disorganised murderers are more likely to be unskilled, socially-inadequate individuals, with sexual problems and at the time of the crime would probably be frightened, as it is more likely they know the victim.

After this classification system was established the FBI detailed what should happen when a serious offence occurred, outlined by Jackson and Bekerian (1997):
Data assimilation is the first stage where information from as many sources as possible is collected, such as photographs of the scene of the crime or letters etc. Then the crime has to be classified, where the crime is put into a particular category based on the data collected. The third stage is crime reconstruction where hypotheses are developed about the behaviour of victims and the modus operandi of the criminal based on a reconstruction of the crime. Finally a profile is generated about the perpetrators physical appearance, demographic characteristics, habits and personality.

The use of previous knowledge is why the American approach is referred to as "top-down", although nowadays the approach is more rigid and profiling is likely to include intuition and investigative experience.

According to Holmes (1989), the aims of profiling in this approach are to reduce the scope of an investigation by providing social and psychological information about the offender's personality, allow some prediction to future offences and their location, provide a psychological evaluation of any belongings found in the offender's possession and to provide strategies for interviewing offenders.

There are differences within the two approaches which make it hard to be precise about the differences between "bottom-up" and Сtop-down approaches to profiling. For example in the UK Paul Britton makes a profile using both evidence from the crime scene and likely behavioural patterns of the offender. Canter uses evidence from past crimes, which may be seen as "top-down", but he mainly collates his data from empirical, Сbottom-upТ sources.
David Canter argues that relying on interviews of convicted murderers is not sensible, as serial killers are known to be manipulative and sensation seekers, although nowadays profiling in the USA uses information from the scene. The FBI now trains profilers worldwide, and have found that profiling is most useful when there is evidence of psychopathology.
There is no doubt that Canter's work and approach to profiling owes more to psychology than that of the FBI.

In the UK Copson and Holloway (1997) surveyed detectives who worked on 184 cases in which offender profiling had been used. They believed it had produced identification of offenders in less than three per cent of cases and helped to solve the crime in 16per cent. They concluded Сprofiling can work very well, but certainly not in the way some practitioners, or dramatists would have you believe. There is nothing in our findings to support the notion that complex offender characteristics can be predicted with any great accuracy. In fact with some people you would be better off tossing a coin". In contrast, according to Harrower (1998), offender profiling has undoubted potential if used properly by trained professionals, as in the USA "192 cases of offender profiling led to 88 arrests".

However the aim of both the British and American processes is to identify areas that will help in the investigation leading to arrest of the offender, and it is clear that when both methods are combined together, the more likelihood of catching an offender there is.

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Biological Diversity

2009-04-15T08:36:00.000-07:00

Through assessing a 5 by 5 meter plot of land in Cameron Park, an urban ecosystem, I obtained a better understanding of the natural stresses present in an environment and the resulting biological diversity that is affected by these stresses. My plot of land was located on a slope of medium steepness leading down to a small creek towards the Northwest and a path to the Northeast. The aspect of this plot was 330 degrees northwest. The soil was rich, noted by its dark and damp appearance and texture. The soil was deep as well, which allowed for plants with extensive roots to grow in that particular area. Dead leaves and moss-covered logs blanketed the soil, most likely contributing to its rich texture. Most of the greenery in this plot was low to the ground with several accompanying taller trees. There were 3 trees that reached about 45 feet tall, but the rest of the landscape was covered with younger, smaller trees, shrubs, and floor greenery.

After taking note of these characteristics I was able to propose my hypothesis: The biodiversity of my real estate is high because the soil appears to be rich and moist, the slope is not extremely steep which would promote erosion, and the presence of decaying plant parts suggests that the soil will continue to be fertile. Furthermore, the ground and plants seemed fairly undisturbed, which would allow for a greater survival rate from more plant varieties. These factors, as well as others, do have an influence on the diversity of this plot. The slope is not extremely steep, but it most likely does pose a problem for new, small shrubs whose roots do not hold them into the ground. When it rains, some of these smaller, younger plants have a chance of being washed into the creek below. Another factor to consider is that the tall trees provide shade for the smaller plants. This may hinder or improve the plants’ growth, depending on each plants preferred environment. I also noticed that most of the plant leaves were eaten away by insects. Almost all of the leaves contained several holes. There has obviously been a bug infestation within this area which probably affects the survival rate of young plants. This factor is important to take into account when assessing the ecosystem of this area. Since this park is an urban area, it probably is affected by man-made factors as well, such as pollution. I did find a glass bottle in the brush on my plot, so there was evidently human contact at some time in this area or surrounding areas.

The predominant plant inhabitants of this site consisted of shrubbery and low greenery but there were several young trees and vines along with 3 larger trees as mentioned before. I was able to identify 2 Carolina Snailseed (Cocculus carolinus) among the greenery, along with 1 Chinese Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), and 1 small tree, which I was unable to identify, characterized by smooth bark and light green pointed leaves. There were also 4 cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia), 3 of which were the largest trees on the plot. I noted the presence of two Texas White Ash (Fraxinus texensis). I found that there were several plants in this area, but few appeared to be the same species. As for animals, I saw two brown moths, 3 black ants, a white spiral snail, a large black bumble bee, and three beetles each of a different color. Just as with the plants, there were several varieties of insects present, but few were from the same species.

Once I plotted the data I obtained regarding the different plants and animals in existence on this plot, I calculated the Simpson’s Diversity index. The total number of living species, both plants and animals, present in this plot was 20, 12 of which were different species. Using the following equation and the numbers as stated on my Plot Data sheet, I found the Simpson’s Diversity index to be 0.9368.

Ds = 1.0 – [total column D / (total column B x (total column B-1.0))]
Ds = 1.0 – [24 / (20 x (19))] = 1- (24/380) = .9368

The closer this Simpson’s Diversity index is to 1, the more diverse the area is. My index, 0.9368, is close to 1.0 and therefore suggests that there is a large biodiversity in that specific area. Due to this index value, I know that this area contains a variety of plants and animals and can be considered a fairly natural and organized environment. The ecology is fairly extensive in this particular area. Furthermore, this diversity index indicates that the external stresses affecting this ecosystem are limited. The medium-steep slope is obviously not so extreme as to result in serious erosion. Exposure to natural stresses, including exposure to sun, wind, and rain, are evidently at beneficial levels. If the slope was steeper, this 5 by 5 meter ecosystem may have been exposed to too much run-off water. However, the land in this area of Cameron Park slopes in several directions, preventing the run-off water from flushing away the organisms of a particular plot. My plot could have also been damaged by being overly exposed to the sun had its slope been facing directly East or West instead of Northwest. Obviously, there are many natural resources affecting the ecosystem, such as those mentioned above as well as the decaying material on the ground responsible for improving the quality of the soil. These natural resources are the reason for a high diversity index in this area. Without them, the ecosystem would fall apart and the biodiversity would fall. Only certain organisms would be able to survive in a different environment. Using counting techniques and the Simpson’s Diversity Index in Ecology allows for a standard to be used in comparisons. Describing an ecosystem using numbers makes the information more understandable to other people. Otherwise, the biodiversity of an ecosystem would appear to be an opinion rather than a standardized measurement.

This Simpson’s Diversity index value proves my hypothesis to be correct; there is a high biodiversity in my real estate. When making my initial hypothesis I was influenced by the general appearance of the ecosystem; it was fairly well covered in greenery and other forms of life, but few of the organisms looked the same. I was also influenced by the soil’s rich appearance. I thought that since the soil was deep and dark brown, it could provide nutrition and stability for a variety of plants.

Although the ecological system in this plot seems to be thriving, external stresses continue to exist and influence the environment. The diversity I calculated is close to 1.0, but it could be even more diverse. External stresses are the reason for this plot not reaching its potential diversity. First of all, natural disturbances act as a natural selection agent. Plants that need more sun than this plot is provided with, due to its aspect and location, will not survive here. Some plants may need less water than they would receive here and would therefore die. Plants and animals that cannot naturally survive in this environment are “weeded out” by natural stresses. Man-made stresses, however, result in a different type of destruction. Since this plot is part of an urban park, the ecosystem is susceptible to pollution, trash, and human contact. All of these factors may result in the killing off of organisms that would have naturally survived had there been no man-made disturbances. These too result in the lowering of the plot’s biodiversity.

Through ecology, I have attained a better understanding of the effects external stresses can have on an ecosystem. Both nature and man provide stresses on an environment, therefore determining its diversity. Overall, my particular plot was quite diverse. Hopefully future man-made disturbances do not change this, but as I have learned from this lab, man’s stresses have a great influence on environment and will continue to impose changes upon ecosystems.

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O. Henry

2009-04-10T09:34:00.000-07:00

Authors of short stories use elements of style to make their stories interesting. There are many elements of style used by authors. Irony and theme are often used in short stories. This is clearly shown in O. Henry’s short stories such as: “The Gift of the Magi,” “The Lickpenny Lover,” “The Midsummer Knights Dream,” “The Cop and the Anthem,” and “Ships.” The short stories of O. Henry use the element of theme to bring about ironic endings.

In “The Gift of the Magi” there are elements of theme throughout the entire story. One example of theme in the story is that poverty affected both the main characters Jim and Della. Jim and Della both lived in a poor neighborhood with very little money. They both wanted to get each other a very meaningful Christmas present. Another element of theme in this story is that Jim and Della realize how much they love each other. Eugene Garcia fines that “In this trite little tale of mutual self-sacrifice between husband and wife, O. Henry crystallized dramatically what the world in all it’s stored up wisdom knows to be of fundamental value in ordinary family life”(short story criticisms 192). The theme of this story should always be kept in mine that love is more important then money.

Another example of an element of style is irony. Each person selling something valuable to them shows irony in “The Gift of the Magi”. Della had only saved up one dollar and eighty-seven cents to get Jim a Christmas present. Since she did not have enough money she went to a store and sold her hair. Jim at the same time went to a store to sell his watch for money for Della. They both got each other gifts with the money they had gotten from selling their items. The gifts that they sold each had something to do with what they had gotten each other. Della had gotten Jim a medallion for his watch, while Jim had gotten Della beautiful combs for her hair. Arthur Voss finds that it is ironic in “O. Henry’s famous story of the young married couple, each of whom sells a treasured possession to obtain money to buy a Christmas present for the other” (short story criticisms 114). The ironic conclusion of the story is that both Della and Jim were unable to use the gifts they had gotten each other.
The short story “A Lickpenny Lover” had a similar theme to “The Gift of the Magi.” The reoccurring theme in “A Lickpenny Lover” was that money was not everything. Masie is a young shop girl who is attractive and hardworking. Irving Carter a millionaire asks Masie on a date. He had tried to impress her with his money. Instead Masie did not think of Carter as a different person because of the money he had. She still saw him as a regular man who asked her on a date. Masie saw Carter as a wealthy man who did not like to use his money. Masie on the other hand did not like him more instead she liked him less for not being more generous with it.

Irony had played a big role in the story “A Lickpenny Lover.” One example of irony that occurs often was the misunderstanding of honest love. Garcia stated that in the story “Maize is incapable of knowing honest love from dishonest, and she is in consequence one of his least interesting women”(short story criticisms 193). When Masie was asked by Carter to get married she did not take him seriously. Garcia thought that “Masie even with her eyes open, rejects, her wealthy suitor because she thinks that his promise to take her to faraway places only means that he wanted her to marry him and go down to Coney island for a wedding tour”(short story criticisms 192). Masie only thought that Carter was using a come on line towards her. This just shows how ignorant masie was when judging Carter for being cheap, when he really was planning to take her to Europe.

The Theme that is identified in the story “The Midsummer Knights Dream” is that Mary married for love and not for money. This is shown throughout the entire story by the letter that Marry wrote to her husband describing how much she had missed him. Garcia points out that in the story “There is a contrast between Gaines dream of his courtship days in a mountain resort and the letter he receives from his wife as he sits sweating in a hot office building”(short story criticisms 191). Gaines is in the office rather than in the country because he can not afford it. He knows his wife enjoys it so he saves up to send her there. Since Gaines could not have what he wanted he made it less important to him. An example of this occurs when he is saying that he “hates the country in the summer and that the city is a much nicer resort”. He only says this because he is unable to go there.

The irony in “The Midsummer Knights Dream” is that Gaines really liked the country and missed it. Gaines missed the country because he used to enjoy fishing, but now since he can not go to the country he says he does not miss fishing. He only stayed in the city because could not afford to go to the country. Gaines decided to make the best of the situation by saying that the city was the best summer resort in the world to his assistant Adkins. Adkins could not understand that Gaines felt this way because he was unable to have something he wanted. He was used to getting what he wanted and a perfect example of this was his wife Mary.

Another story “The Cop and the Anthem” has shown a similar theme throughout the story. A important lesson learned in this story is that if you wish for something bad enough it might just come true. The main character of Soapy shows this. Donald Peel finds that in this story “in which a hobo tries unsuccessfully to get arrested so that he can get food and shelter and then is arrested after he decides that he will give up his vagabond ways”(The American Consciousness 230). This shows that Soapy could not change because of the circumstances he was surrounded by. He really wanted to change for the better, but he was unable to because he was homeless and had a poor look about him.

In the story “The Cop and the Anthem” the ironic element which is shown is that when Soapy is ready to change he got what he originally wanted which was to get arrested and go to jail. Ironically Soapy was in a church when he had decide to change his mind about his direction of his life. Then all of a sudden a policeman had arrested him for trespassing and gave him six months in jail. Soapy had got arrested unintentionally, when at first he wanted to get arrested. He finally got what he really wanted, which was to go to jail, to eat and have a place to live for six months. This proves that a person who wants to change can not always have the power to do it at that particular moment. In order to change it usually takes time; Soapy had found it out the hard way.

In the story “Ships” an example of theme is how the main character Johnny tries to overcome his poverty and change his position in life. He devises a plan to get rich quick for himself and the shop owner Mr. Hemstetter. Kent Bales explains that “In order to sell shoes, for example, a character imports cockleburs into the near paradise of Anchuria, O. Henry’s fictional Honduras”(American Writers Supplement 409). The cockleburs were at one point not selling to anyone and Johnny was loosing money. O. Henry would use made up places in his writings to help develop the theme as he did in “Ships”. Therefore that is why he had chose a poor fictitious country in Central America. He shows how this can possibly happen in real life to people who want to get rich.

The Irony in the “Ships” is that Johnny who is poor and the factory owner, who is also poor soon, become rich in a short amount of time. When a company carrying cockleburs come to the island looking to sell them. The factories owner buys them, then realizes know one is going to buy them. Bales states that “The enterprising exporter of the original barrel of cockleburs shows up with two ships full of the no longer necessary seeds, expecting to sell them to the factory he imagines must somehow use them”(American Writers Supplement). Johnny and the factory owner pout the cockleburs down on the beach. They put them down on the beach in order for people to buy shoes. After they make a lot of money Johnny leaves the island. The guy who grows the cockleburs now was stuck with much to many of them. Johnny now out of the country, because he realized that there was no more demand of shoes so he got out while he still would make money. Now everybody in they country had shoes to walk around in so there feet would not hurt.

Elements of style are important devices in helping authors put great emphasis on important issues in their stories. It also helps prove an author’s point while writing a story. This is shown throughout many of O. Henrys short stories by the example of poverty. O. Henry has put great emphasis on the two important elements of style in his short stories, which is theme and irony. In the stories written by O. Henry many of them have shown different examples how the element of theme came to bring about ironic endings.

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Obsession

2009-04-10T09:29:00.000-07:00

Obsession is the persistent idea dominating a person’s mind. The act of obsession can have both negative and positive outcomes for the person with the obsession and those around them. In Wuthering Heights there are two main obsessions, revenge and love, both of which has negative outcome for the person with the obsession and those around them. The desire for revenge extending throughout the novel had a very destructive nature. The idea of love in the novel also had negative effects, which caused most of the relationships to end in tragedy. Similarly, in the cartoon Garfield, the obsession with food and self-assessment also have negative impacts on the characters. In a recent newspaper article, it accounted frequent obsession with fitness in the busy everyday world. Again, this obsession has a negative outcome. The film, A Knight’s Tale, talks about the life of a common peasant in search of his own identity and his obsession to change the course of his life. This obsession, unlike the others has a positive impact on the characters of the film.

Love is usually a positive emotion enjoyed and cherished by those who are involved. However the portrayal of this theme in Wuthering heights was in form of an obsession, which led to a tragic ending. In the novel, four characters submitted themselves to the obsession of love.

Firstly there was Hindley who is the eldest son of Mr Earnshaw. After the death of his father, Hindley returned home with a wife, Frances, who he is madly in love with. His obsession with her altered him physically and mentally after her death. The death of Frances left Hindley alone with their son Hareton. Unable to cope with the loss of Frances, Hindley became heartbroken and and instead of transferring his love for his wife to his son, he neglected and despise him. Hindley grief for his wife soon also became an obsession. He did so with a violence and wholeheartedness, which led him to seek other outlets for his emotion such as drinking and gambling. His actions due to his obsession were harmful to himself physically and dangerous to those around him, as it can be seen when he tried to throw Hareton over the banister in his state of drunkenness.

Catherine Earnshaw was not only obsessively in love with Heathcliff but was also in love with her self. This obsession caused her to have a false illusion about herself. As the only daughter of Mr Earnshaw, Catherine too was undeniably spoilt. She always wanted to be in the centre of attention and always thought of herself to be higher than everyone else. Her tantrums and high self-esteem cause others around her to keep their distance however she assured herself that ‘no matter how everybody despised each other, they could not avoid loving me.’

The obsessive love triangle between Catherine, Heathcliff and Isabella also caused negative outcomes for the characters. Catherine and Heathcliff were brought together when Mr Earnshaw adopted Heathcliff and made him a member of the family. However, their love developed as Catherine began to feel sympathy towards Heathcliff as a result of Hindley’s cruel treatment towards him. As the characters matured, Catherine and Heathcliff’s passion for each other dominated their lives. It can be seen that neither can live without the other when Catherine said ‘his and mine (soul) are the samel’. However as class and social status divided the couple, other emotions, such as jealousy entered the relationship and the obsession with one another negatively influenced the people around them. As the obsession manifested further, the outcome became devastating, as the couple could not be together, and as death struck Catherine, the negativity of the outcome was intensified. Years after mourning her death, Heathcliff is still madly in love with Catherine. His obsession continued growing and led to distorted behaviour to an extend that he uncovered her coffin just to see her face again and ‘bribed the sexton’ to bury him next to her when he dies. Throughout the novel, Heathcliff’s obsession consumed him slowly, stopping him from moving on.
Another victim of the destructive influence of the obsession is Isabella. Isabella was also obsessive about her love for Heathcliff. Her love however was disillusioned as she was only used as a piece in Heathcliff plan for revenge. Her obsession with him only allowed her to see what she wanted to see in Heathcliff as she ignored all his faults. This was bad for her as she was cheated into a loveless marriage and was brutally abused.

Overall the obsession of love in Wuthering Height had a destructive outcome for the characters. It consumed them and caused them pain, suffering.

Similar to the obsessions of Wuthering heights, the cartoon Garfield also has obsessions that cause negative effects to the characters.

Firstly, the effect of Garfield’s obsession with food can be seen through the appearance of the character. The well known cat is chubby and has the thought of food consistently on his mind. The length Garfield goes through to get the food he wants are very humorous but also has negative effects on the people around him as he is sometimes very annoying. In the cartoon, the obsession with food is emphasised by the repetitions of actions and the exaggerated movements of the character. The obsession is also emphasised by the use of colour. The colours are very bright which indicates the lively and excited emotions of the character. As Garfield’s action and thoughts are similar to those of a human being, the cartoon is comparing him to many people in the world. It suggests that many people in the world are also obsessed with food, and that they are often very desperate and specific and would do anything to get what they want.

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Immigration Law

2009-04-07T06:06:00.000-07:00

Over 500,000 people waiting to learn whether they will get into Canada will face revised, retroactive selection rules that are much tougher than before. A new point system for education, language skills, occupation, and work experience will apply to the new applicants. The rules are so tough that most Canadians would find themselves not up to standard for Canada. Many people complain that tough rules could scare away first-rate newcomers. It is my belief that immigration law should be easier and allow more newcomers getting into Canada to improve social diversity, keep the economy growing, and keep the population balanced.

More immigrants will improve society diversity that has been a fundamental characteristic of Canada since its beginnings. Canada is a nation of immigrants. Diversity allows each of us to bring varied and unique talents, backgrounds, needs, expectations, perspectives and experiences to this country. Approximately 200,000 immigrants a year from all parts of the globe continue to choose Canada, drawn by its quality of life and its reputation as an open, peaceful and caring society that welcomes newcomers and values diversity. (Canadian Heritage, 2002) Meanwhile, Canada continues to benefit from the right kind of immigration, economically and culturally.

More immigrants will improve economy growth by providing human resources and increasing social purchasing power. More immigrants is one of the most important solutions for shortages of a wide range of skills in Canada. According to governmentsтАЩ reports, in industries such as construction, textiles, trucking, plastics, auto mechanics, clothing, aviation mechanics and mining, employers are facing current and future shortages. A shortage of workers means that economy of this country may grow more slowly. Companies may plan future investments in places where they can find sufficient workers. In these fields, immigrants constitute 70 per cent of the net increase in the workforce and soon will contribute 100 per cent. (Crane, 2002) At the same time, more immigrants will consume more social product, thereby increasing social purchasing power and improving economy growth.

More immigrants will keep Canada from depopulation and make the population balanced and stable. According to Statistics Canada 2001 census, the median age of the country's population had reached a record high of 37.6 years, up sharply from the 35.3 years recorded in 1996. The agency noted that although 2.2 million immigrants arrived in Canada between 1991 and 2001, compared with 1.4 million in the previous decade, the median age had increased by four years in both 10-year periods. Population aging will definitely result in depopulation. While immigration brings additional support to the labor market, it has limited impact on population aging. (Ljunggren, 2002) Introducing more immigrants should be a quick result solution to these problems, and thereby prevent a scenario whereby a shrinking number of taxpayers ended up supporting more and more pensioners.

The new immigration law that came into effect last June is so tough that thousands of immigration applicants may find themselves disqualified. It is doubted that the new regulations could attract younger and more educated immigrants who would be able to quickly adapt to Canada's mobile workforce. Canada is part of a global competition for immigrants. The best and the brightest will go elsewhere if the Canadian system is too stringent, slow and complicated. In order to keep attracting the target of about 300,000 newcomers every year, government will have to water down current immigration law.

In conclusion, immigration law should be revised allowing more qualified people to enter Canada. Current system that is too tough for most applicants should be made easier as long as success applicants are able to start their new life without too much difficulty. Constant immigration flow is absolutely necessarily, and will benefit this country by improving social diversity, keeping the economy growing, and keeping the population balanced and moderately growing.

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Iago

2009-04-07T02:57:00.000-07:00

Iago, one of the main characters in William Shakespeare's Othello, is always viewed by others as "honest Iago, a supposedly honorable, reliable individual. However, in his goal to get revenge on those who he believes have wrongfully taken his position, or the woman he desires, he does not hesitate to abuse this trust to his advantage. In the play, Iago manipulates three minor characters in differing ways for his own purposes, but each one reacts differently to his trickery, and thus each have a different outcome.

Iago first incites Desdemona's father, Barbantio, to hate Othello and destroy his secret marriage to Desdemona, but the start of his plan to slowly ruin Othello is not so successful. For example, after the crafty Iago and Roderigo stir up trouble at Barbantio's house with his speech, the father angrily accuses Othello of putting his daughter under a spell and performing witchcraft to make her wed him(I.ii.63-83). The crafty and antagonizing words Iago uses brings direct shame to Brobantio's family name, and this causes him to turn his wrath against Othello even thought he knows Iago is a rouge who is not totally trustworthy. He uses the power of his words to verbally stir up emotions and turn them into violent reaction, merely by the strength of his persuasive speech. In addition, however, after Othello explains to the Duke how Barbantio always thought of him as loyal and trustworthy, and Desdemona admits that she is genuinely in love with him by her own free will, her father reluctantly acknowledges their marriage(I.ii.96-108). Iago's initial plan to first turn Barbantio against Othello in his master plan is not fool proof, as Barbantio realizes his foolishness and comes to his senses after listening to Othello's sound reason. He may be skillful when it comes to using his words for persuading people, but Barbantio realizes that Iago is not to be trusted by merely his own words. As a result, Iago fails to sway Desdemona's father into destroying Othello's marriage and killing him, but will the other characters fall more easily for his emotional, but misleading words?

Iago uses Roderigo, his next victim, as his personal "piggy-bank", pretending to be his friend while he uses his money for his own intentions. For instance, while devising his plan to ruin Othello, he says to himself, "Thus do I ever make my fool (Roderigo) my purse...[and] expound with such a snipe for my sport and profit" (I.iii.384-387). Iago uses his cunning sophistry to trick the foolish Roderigo, and sees him merely as a way to gain profit by using his skillful deviancy. He has the ability to totally disregard any feelings of remorse when he is intent on carrying out his plans, even if it means abusing a friendship in the name of furthering his own personal good. In addition, Iago dupes him again by changing the subject when Roderigo confronts him about the money, and devises a strategy to "remove" Cassio, supposedly his main problem, while Iago knows it will lead to Roderigo's death (IV.ii.181-252). Once again, Iago has the ability to verbally get himself out of a tough situation, and also trap Roderigo into a fateful decision. He is a cunning manipulator of those not wise enough to realize his lies, and when confronted about his actions, Roderigo once more falls for his trickery. As a result, Iago finds a way to fund his devious exploits, manages to cover his tracks along the way, eradicates those who are no longer of use to him, all with no signs of remorse.

of all the minor characters Cassio is seen as Iago's biggest threat, so he is more careful in properly devising his destruction, and over the course of the story he slowly turns Othello against him, without him realizing Iago's deception. For example, while in Cyprus, Iago comes up with a plan to get Iago into drunken brawl, because he knows Iago can easily be enraged under the influence of alcohol(II.iii.42-58). He knows the Lieutenant's weakness, and Iago capitalizes on the opportunity to disgrace him in front of Othello and the entire island. Iago uses the faith that Cassio has in him as being "honest" to his advantage, and during the time of celebration he get Cassio totally off guard. In addition, when Cassio is desperate to get his position back, Iago supposedly gives Cassio sincere advice on how to plea with Desdemona, and get her to change Othello's mind, while he uses it to make Othello believe they are secretly having an affair (IV.i.76-91). Iago once again takes advantage of Cassio in a time of weakness by luring him into another trap, but Cassio does not realize that this will cause him more harm. He has the ability to now dispose of his close competitor, so utilizes his cruel cunning to get rid of him, and provides the setup for ruining Othello's marriage. As a result, Cassio does not realize the entire time that "honest Iago" his trusted friend, is responsible for his troubles, and Iago with his cold heart slowly destroys his life.

Thus, it is Iago's crafty speech and cruel cunning that allow him to easily manipulate most of the characters in the story. Even though he was not totally successful with Barbantio, Iago menages to coax the other two characters fall for his deceptive bait without the slightest hesitance. In the end, the devious Iago is successful at fooling his oppenents, but at the price of own his life after he destroys them.

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Al Capone

2009-04-06T10:15:00.000-07:00

Born January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York, Alphonsus Capone's familial roots could be traced to Italy (Al Capone: Public Enemy Number One 1). Quitting school in the sixth grade he took up the ways of the streets with his younger brother Ralph. With the arrival of prohibition in 1920, Al's intelligence, strong will, and connections with a man named Torrio put him at the top of the ladder in the gangster world and made his name renown nationwide. Inevitably, the law and Capone would meet. The government had two choices in bringing this infamous crook to justice: upon charges of tax evasion, or on evidence of violation of prohibition regulations. Because neither of these charges could be easily proved upon, the government spent thousands of dollars and countless man-hours to find ample evidence to incarcerate him. The in-depth prosecution of Al Capone produced mild results and only partially and improperly punished an infamous Chicago ringleader.

Prohibition in the 1920's and 1930's brought about a profitable source of income to all those willing and financially capable. At the top of this list lies a man by the name of Johnny Torrio. This crime leader's decision in the 1920Тs to take on an early retirement left Al with an empire of breweries and gambling halls (Power 2). His empire quickly took over underground Chicago, drawing a taxable income of $1,038,000 over a six-year period and accumulating and estimated $60,000,000 in his lifetime (Runyon 226). As Capone's success grew, his breweries and gambling halls multiplied and business thrived. It was said that, "In an era where most of the adult population drank bootleg alcohol, the bootlegger seemed almost respectable."(Power 2) Though his name rang harmoniously in the ears of most of the Chicago population, he struck a bad note in the ears of the government. This disapproval soon gave birth to a group of new agents called the untouchables (Cobbler 271). The arrival of these top-notch agents marked the beginning of the end for a well-to-do Al Capone.

In 1928, U.S. District Attorney George E. Johnson was charged with the task of halting Al Capone's massive bootlegging business and bringing him to justice on counts of violation of the Volstead Act. Acquiring honest, straight help in Chicago would be a task, but in the end a man by the name of Eliot Ness was found to head up operations. It would be Ness who would create the group of nine honest agents called the untouchables. The untouchables were so titled because they had to be exactly what they were called. Their impermeability was first and foremost a requirement for this job. In a time when prohibition enforcement was frowned upon even by most honest citizens, the untouchables were in an undesirable position. Soon after their formation, they began reeking havoc upon Capone's businesses. Capone responded though, and began reinforcing his breweries with steel doors and constructing special escape routes. In turn, Ness acquired a 10-ton truck outfitted with steel and special ladders to halt those people trying to escape from the roof. By the end of prohibition, the untouchables had single handedly had a greater impact on bootlegging in Chicago than the whole Chicago police force (Eliot Ness: The Man Behind the Myth 5).

One of Capone's most famous tribulations was the St. Valentine's Day massacre. It has been called "the most spectacular mob hit in gangland history" and is only appropriately blamed on likely the most spectacular crime czar in U.S. history (The St. Valentine's Day Massacre 1). This attack was brilliantly planned, aiming to deceive fellow bootleggers, Capone's selected few dressed as police officers and arrived at a planned meeting for trade of illegal Canadian whiskey. The target of the sting was likely crime boss Bugs Moran, as he was due to be at the meeting but was running late from a previous engagement. In the end, seven men were strewn across the floor lying in pools of blood. Moran later said, "Only Capone kills guys like that!" Humorously, Capone's comment was "the only man who kills like that is Bugs Moran" Capone's alibi was credible and no one was ever apprehended in the investigation that followed the homicide (The St. Valentines Day Massacre 3).

Capone's gain in publicity through the St. Valentine's Day Massacre set a fire under president Herbert Hoover, who quickly pressured Andrew Mellon, current secretary of Treasury, to jumpstart the IRS's battle against Capone (Kobler 270). Hoover's 1930 release of the F.B.I.'s most wanted list revealed Capone as "Public Enemy Number One" Upon further inspection by the IRS, it was found that Capone had never filed a tax return in his life. This lead to Capone's prosecution for conspiracy to violate the Volstead act (Kobler 271). Capone's failure to pay tax on his illegal income would in the end mark his downfall, but he persisted, "The income tax law is a lot of bunk. The government can't collect legal taxes from illegal money."(Kobler 275) The government's task, to put it simply, was merely to prove that his net worth and net expenditures were more than his reported net income. At first, Capone claimed a modest salary of $75 per week. Capone's lavish lifestyle made it obvious that something wasn't adding up. Investigators searched Chicago and New York for shops and other establishments with which Capone might have dealt. This initial investigation turned up bills like his phone bills which totaled $39,000, and bills from parties he had thrown costing three and four thousand dollars. Altogether, revenue detectives turned up about $165,000 of taxable income. This number was miniscule in comparison to the millions that flowed through Capone's hands every year (Kobler 278).

Capone's power in Chicago seemed never ending. His ability to escape justice seemed the same. Once in 1928, Capone was even propositioned by the mayor of Chicago to help set the stage for a straight election. In spite of his arrogance, Capone helped clean out some fellow gangsters and gave Chicago its first clean election in some forty years (Power). Many people of his time admired Capone, as he could be found attending many charity events and spending his lavish salary on soup kitchens for the needy. This faзade was eventually broken down and some of Capone's scandalous dealings were exposed before a judge. Capone and sixty-eight members of his gang were charged with approximately 5,000 separate violations of the Volstead act. In closing Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail and forced to pay $80,000 to the government (Public Enemy #1). Al Capone's life came to a close on January 25, 1947 due to cardiac arrest.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

2009-04-03T08:29:00.000-07:00

When you hear the name Martin Luther King Jr., the first thing that comes to mind is probably racism against African Americans. He is famous for his wisdom and persuasive speeches against segregation of African Americans. This statement holds strongly true because today diverse races are integrated all over the united states. For what ever reason, Martin has been an inspiration to many African Americans. He accomplished his success mostly through speeches, but also through his written essays. Although, his speeches were intense and filled with much persuasion, Martin had a way with words when he wrote too. This is displayed in professional fashion in the “Letter From Birmingham Jail.” Martin displayed a circus of statements in response to the Clergymen in the “Letter From Birmingham Jail.” He did this by analyzing their statements and responding with his own in an argumentative manner. He demonstrated this through persuasive statements, answering quotes from the community, and used a past leader as an example. Through this letter, Martin proved he could hold his ground in the line of fire. The question is, did it affect the peoples’ outlook on racism?

Martin Luther King had a way with words. He simply expressed himself in a manner that the people could understand. One way this was proposed, he used persuasive wording in order to demonstrate his particular feeling of that certain topic. For example, Martin argued that parading without a permit is not unjust. This is said because there is nothing wrong with having a parade without a permit, but as soon as a demonstration against segregation occurred it became a crime. Martin claimed that this denied the First- Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and protest. Martin said, “in no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as would the rabid segregationist” (335). This statement invoked his passion to display his feelings lovingly and accept his penalties for them. This was done because he felt it was worth it to make the community aware of its injustice. In doing so, he realized in reality the world doesn’t want to listen, but eventually they would. It was inevitable that the community would face this problem even in the future to come. So in order to reduce the severity of this mishap, Martin responded against the unjust acts with wisdom and love. Even if he was arrested or treated badly, some how his voice was heard around the world.

Not only did Martin persuade the readers and or listeners with words of wisdom, but he also used quotes, good or bad, to argue against segregation and to explain why it was unjust. For example, “Are you able to endure the ordeal of jail?” (332). This quote may be asked by you the people. This question was actually used in numerous workshops on non violence. While there were other questions to ponder upon, Martin’s main goal was to make the public aware of the problems it faces everyday. In doing so, it opened an array of problems because the people didn’t want to face the truth. Instead it had them asking more questions like, “Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches and so forth? Isn’t negotiation a better path?” (332). Martin agreed with this statement to a certain extent, but felt that he had no choice but to proceed with the demonstrations do to the ignorance that his people had endured. Surely, Martin would have rather negotiated, but the community refused him. So his answers provide a continuous void of satisfaction to the readers naked eye, but filters those minds who’s thoughts were garbled with lies of the community. In doing so, Martin found himself explaining himself more in depth and showing that he cares what the people think.

Martin Luther King Jr. not only answered the community, but he used important men as examples. One of them being, the ever so famous, Adolf Hitler. Everything Hitler did in Germany was “legal” and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was “illegal”. It was “illegal” to help Jew’s in Hitler’s Germany. With this in mind Martin stated, “even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country’s antireligious laws” (335). Martin said this in order to tell the people it didn’t matter what race or religion they possessed, he would have done the same thing in any one of those situations. By doing so, Martin proved that what the community thought was wrong, they may later find that it was in-deed wrong. Whether-or-not they felt it was wrong, Martin still pounded away at the community with reasons why segregation was unjust.

So did Martin Luther King tell the people why it was unjust for segregation laws to remain intact? If he didn’t, he definitely gave a whole new perspective on what was right and what was wrong. He displayed courage and wisdom in rare form. Only, to prove his worth as a U.S. citizen and his worth to his community. Martin Luther King Jr. truly was a magnificent and remarkable man. No matter what the people threw at him he had an answer for it. He used persuasive thoughts and words of wisdom in such a way that he will be remembered as one of the most dominating leaders of his time. Also, the way he fired back at the community with legitimate answers, the people had no other choice but to listen to Martin.

Lastly, the example of Hitler really set the tone for him. He would have done the same thing in Hitler’s time, just as he did in his time. Which brings us to the conclusion that Martin Luther King Jr. not only was a leader, but showed he cared about his community and the people in it. He did this by all and any tactics he could use, and carefully made his point valid. If Martin didn’t succeed in delivering his beliefs of segregation, there is a good chance that Alabama would have been much slower in killing the segregation laws. Since he did this not only in Alabama but the U.S. as a whole, one can conclude that he got his point across to the community and the world.

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A Rose for Emily

2009-04-02T02:15:00.000-07:00

In one respect, I tend to agree with Fetterley and Rogers interpretation of Emily’s triumph over the endless pounding of patriarchy in William Faulkners “A Rose for Emily”. I find myself stuck in a similar situation; like Emily, I perceive a patriarchal situation by trying to pen what I believe my instructor wants me to write. I have avoided writing a paper on this very story by dropping two previous classes that assigned a critical paper for this short fiction. I am repulsed by the very thought that this short fiction can be classified as creditable literature. I have decided against my usual course of action and choose to write what I feel concerning this short fiction regardless of the outcome. It seems I will never finish my education at Antelope Valley Community College without addressing this repulsive story.

Faulkner beautifully illustrates the morbid parallelism between Emily’s father and the house that imprisoned her. Both were controlled and manipulated by the very being that would eventually destroy them. Faulkner strategically places the home of the Grierson’s, on what was once consider a prestigious street in the crumbling, overcrowded town of Jefferson. Here, both monuments of the past are forced to maintain a dignified faзade of sanity among an ever-changing society. There are two interpretations to be made in understanding the motive and meaning behind Emily murdering Homer Barron, in “A Rose for Emily”. The first motive deals with the personal revenge Emily seeks towards her father, the second being towards the town of Jefferson who scrutinized her and critically analyzed everything she did.

The death of Emily’s father set in motion a diabolically evil scheme to seek the ultimate revenge on the patriarchal society of Jefferson, which controlled and ultimately claimed her sanity. Her revenge began with her father whom she hated for denying her the privilege of having a normal and successful woman’s life. Emily’s hatred began to fester within the depths of her soul as a young child, dominated by a father who concluded that no male figure was good enough to inherit the status of courting or marrying a Grierson. Emily became emotionally tormented by the very thought of being a spinster and having no other male figure to love, besides her controlling father. The growing resentment continued as she became older and perspective suitor’s appeared at the front door, ultimately to be chased away with a horsewhip. “Although the violence is apparently outward-the upraised horsewhip against the would be suitor- the real object of it is the woman-daughter, forced into the background and dominated by the phallic figure of the spraddled father whose back is turned on her and who prevents her from getting out at the same time that he prevents them, suitors, from getting in.” (Pp 560). Emily was a caged animal, imprisoned by her controlling father, in a circus whose master manipulates all of the animals’ movements, emotions, and physical appearance by a carefully illustrated system of rewards and punishments. Emily’s’ rewards, according to her father, was that she be portrayed to the towns people as “a slender figure in white” too pure for the stains of any human being to corrupt what he, the father, masterfully created. Emily’s’ punishment was that she would eventually be revered as an untouchable figure whose every action or movement would be analyzed by the town of Jefferson.

It wasn’t until that fateful day, the death of her father, when Emily was finally able to outwardly express her revenge upon the very first male who suppressed her emotionally and physically, by not giving him the proper burial a Grierson deserved. Instead, she was able to experience, first hand, the feeling of triumph over watching her so-called beloved father rot before her very eyes, the sweet revenge of a twisted character. Emily cleverly denied to the town’s people that her father died in order to secretly express her future intention of revenge towards the town of Jefferson by not letting them, the residents, immediately dispose of his decrypted and decaying body. “ She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the minister calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. Just as they were about to resort to law and force, she broke down, and they buried her father quickly.”(Par. 27) “Because she is Miss Emily Grierson, the town invests her with that communal significance which makes her the object of their obsession and subject of their incessant scrutiny...the town is able to impose a particular code of behavior and to see her in failure to live up to that code an excuse for interfering in her life.” (Pp.560) The result of the towns interfering adds fuel to her fire to seek the revenge for interfering in her life and being so critical of every movement that she makes.

The most significant diabolically evil plan Emily sought was the revenge on the patriarchy society of Jefferson, which no one would be able to comprehend the magnitude of the murder of Homer Barron. After the death of her father, the townsmen felt pity for her and claimed that leaving her the decrypted, decaying housing structure was a way of knocking her off the pedestal and becoming more humanized. The patriarchal society outwardly expressed their need to watch over and care for the lonely spinster who they concluded incapable of providing for her financially. Colonel Satoris, the eldest patriarch of Jefferson, fabricated a story to justify why the town remitted her taxes, claiming that it was from a financial loan her father provided for the town many years ago.

The motive for the murder of Homer Barron was for Emily, on her deathbed, to gain the last laugh at a town who scrutinized and critiqued her yet never came to understand why she acted and lived as she did. Another motive for the murder of Homer Barron was to prove to the patriarchal society of Jefferson that even though she, Emily, could not “ persuade him to marry her” (Pp. 535) due to his perversions, she may still succeed in controlling Homer if her were dead. No one would be able to take that secret love she had for Homer away even though he would never reciprocate it t the same way because of his alternative lifestyle. Homo Homer was an embarrassment to Emily, because for the first time ever she was free love some one, and he turned out to love young men more than women. This humanizes Emily even more and in turn it helps explode the decades of manipulation and control she receive at the hands of her father. She had a perfect plan; no one in the town of Jefferson would ever believe that Emily, being a real lady “ to forget noblesse oblige—without calling it noblesse oblige” (Pp. 535). “Emily is exempted from general indictment because she is a real lady-that is, eccentric, slightly crazy, obsolete, a “stubborn and coquettish decay”, absurd but indulged; “dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse”; indeed, anything and everything but human.” (Pp.561). Who would believe she would have murdered some one in order to have their love.

“A Rose for Emily” is taken from a morbidly crepitated point of view where an author obviously is hiding many deep dark secrets within his past without bluntly coming out and exposing it to the rest of society. Faulkner disguises his own tragedies from his past through the story to give himself a sense of personal release from his own personal bondage. “A Rose for Emily” is utilized as a cleaver way for William Faulkner to disguise his own slide from sanity.

This short fiction falls very short of what good literature should be. Good literature follows a plot that is easily and logically understood by the reader and does not find it necessary to jump from past, recent past, to future, and in-between to make the story interesting. Good literature has a distinctive purpose; keeping the reader glued to the pages in-between the cover, keeping the reader interested in other genres of literature to enhance their interest in the wealth of written knowledge. Good literature expands the imagination by allowing the reader to see the world around them in new ways other than the norm, which does not necessarily mean making them sick from a morbid point of view. Good literature does not leave the reader with an upset stomach and a disgusting taste in their mouth for all literature. Thankfully, Vicodin and Motrin 800 have helped me make it through this short fiction paper.

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Homosexualism

2009-04-01T09:07:00.000-07:00

With more than one hundred thousand children in foster care, homosexual couples should be permitted adoption rights regardless of their sexual orientation. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “as many as nine million U.S. children have at least one homosexual parent.” Although there are numerous concerns about this subject matter, the foremost concern should be the child’s best interest.

Public support for allowing gay couples to adopt children is on the rise. Opponents once firmly in the majority, now hold a minority view and supporters of “same-sex” adoption now outnumber the opposition. A survey conducted by ABCNews suggests that 47% of Americans agree on gay adoption. The survey found that young adults, women, and those with higher education were the majority that supported gay adoption. Region also played a part in how Americans voted in the poll; Americans that lived in the South voted against gay adoption while those living in the North and Midwest favored the possibility of adoption.

The first and most important question for many is, “Will the parent’s sexual preference influence the child’s sexual orientation?” The answer may surprise you, but there is no known data that implies that the child will be affected. Therefore, the suggestion that sexual orientation can be taught is completely false. “Sexual orientation stems from the sex hormones that we as human beings are born with.” (Bailey) Despite the beliefs of many opponents, most homosexuals will not come from “same-sex” families. “It has been found that about 90% of sons of gay fathers and 90% of daughters of lesbian mothers are heterosexual.” (Bailey) “Researchers have not found any more or less tendencies in children reared in “same-sex” households to be homosexual than children in traditional families.” (Harris)

Another major argument is that children need a male and female figure in their lives in order to develop emotionally and become a productive and healthy adult. This may be true, but most homosexual couples have family members and friends who can provide as a role model. Most “same-sex” parents make a special effort to ensure that their kids learn to relate to adults of the opposite sex. Karen M. Anderson, an author who wrote Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development, found that children having “same- sex” parents are more liberal towards gay and lesbian civil rights, as well as the rights of other minorities. The children are also more acceptable to change and that attribute alone allows for the child to have a positive outlook on life.

A good case in point for how “same-sex” couples are discriminated against would be what June Amer experienced when trying to adopt a child. June Amer has a son of her own whom she and her partner have brought up together. The couple eventually showed interest in adopting a second child, but when Amer truthfully filled out the application form that asked if she was a homosexual, her application was immediately rejected. (Fitzgerald) This was a woman who had already proved to be a good parent and who lived in a healthy environment. She could have provided care and love for another child, but the adoption agency would not allow the adoption. Her only characteristic flaw that did not meet the agency’s qualifications was the fact that she had a female lover. Because of this reason, many qualified applicants are being turned down. It is appalling that this one qualification can interfere with so many lives of people who only want to be a loving parent to a child in need. “Sexual orientation alone doesn’t make a person a good or bad parent.”(Kantrowitz)

The opposition may say that if homosexuals are permitted adoption rights, they might prey on the adoptive child sexually. Earl L. Kimmerling, a man who made headlines throughout Indiana for his anti-gay adoption fight to prevent his foster daughter from being adopted by a homosexual couple, was arrested on four felony counts of child molestation, according to the Indianapolis Star. The 9-year-old girl told authorities that he touched her frequently in a sexual nature and had her touch him as well. Mr. the Indianapolis Star reported, Kimmerling admitted to having sexual contact with the juvenile from April 1998 through May 1999. The Kimmberling’s described themselves as Christians and emphasized the importance of raising a child in a traditional family setting. This instance alone shows that not all opponents of gay adoption are better qualified to adopt a child nor do they have the child’s best interest at heart. The physical and emotion anguish that was placed upon this 9-year-old girl was caused by a man that wanted to keep her from being adopted by a gay couple - not the gay couple seeking to adopt the child.

There are now 100,000 children in foster homes or institutions in the U.S. who are in need of adoption. (Utne) These children need the love that homosexuals and heterosexuals can provide. If the immeasurable number of willing homosexuals could adopt these children, it could help our society by lessening the problem of children without families. All people are not the same, so why should all families be the same? The American Academy of Pediatrics supports gay adoption, because of the lack of data showing any harmful effects to the children being brought up by gay parents. In addition to the benefits of a two-parent household, allowing gay partners to adopt a child helps ensure the child equal access to Social Security, health care, and other benefits that heterosexual couples receive for their children..

For those who declare that the child will be uncomfortable having gay parents, it is comments of that nature that actually make the child uncomfortable. I believe what makes children of homosexual couples uncomfortable is not homosexuality itself, but society’s intolerant attitude toward it. There will be gay people in the next generation, just as there have been gay people in every other generation and the mass will not come from homosexual households. People need to recognize that there none if any verifiable reasons why homosexuals should not adopt children. Although seven states and the District of Columbia now permit gay adoptions either by law or court ruling, it is discouraging that there are only a few hundred documented adoptions by open gays. “Hopefully in the near future, many more children without parents will be able to have what they deserve: a family – “same-sex” or traditional.” (Henry)

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Malcolm X

2009-03-31T07:53:00.000-07:00

The chapter entitled ‘Homeboy’ in the Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley offers intriguing aspects of how Malcolm X transforms his physical appearance when he moves to Boston. In Boston Malcolm is exposed to the different lifestyles black folk have adopted. Malcolm’s most defining moment in Boston occurs when he makes a conscious decision to separate himself from the ‘Hill’ negroes in Roxbury by associating more with “negroes who were being their natural selves and not putting on airs” (Autobiography, 43). Among these less uppity negroes Malcolm befriends a man named Shorty, who introduces Malcolm to the ‘conking’ process whereby Malcolm’s kinky reddish hair is made to look more straight and shiny. As ‘Homeboy’ nears an end, however, Malcolm is quick to voice his disgust about his decision to change his hair’s texture. He claims it is his “first real step towards self-degradation” (Autobiography, 54). Indeed his conk is representative of a type of self-deterioration because it reflects Malcolm’s inward desire to identify with his white oppressor as well as it reveals his own mental inferiority about being black.

However, Malcolm’s analysis of his conk is often contended. In fact it is insisted by many that the conk was instead part of a black youth fashion that was in style in the 1940’s. Robin D. G. Kelley clearly illustrates this opinion in his book titled “The Riddle of the Zoot: Malcolm Little and Black Cultural Politics During World War II” when he states, “Malcolm’s interpretation of the conk, however, conveniently separates the hairstyle from the subculture of which it was a part and the social context in which such cultural forms were created” (161). Hence it is argued that the conk should not exist isolation from the zoot suit, the orange shoes or the hipster language. The conk was an important asset of the swanky dress that “young hep cats” (Kelley, 162) wore to the Roseland Ballroom to partake in the numerous lindy-hopping dance competitions. Essentially the conk represented the manifestation of a particular black urban identity that was popular in that era.

Alternately, when viewing the conk from Malcolm’s perspective, it was physical expression of how Malcolm subconsciously needed to embody the white man’s image. In his childhood years, Malcolm perceived the white man as a personification of freedom and control. After his father’s unfortunate death, Malcolm witnessed white welfare workers destroy his family unit. Malcolm observed that the people who monopolized the control of the detention home, the Swerlins, were white. The owner of the restaurant, where he was first employed as a dishwasher, was also white. Even the teachers at the school he attended in Mason were white. Thus as a child, Malcolm was constantly surrounded by white people who held power and authority within the immediate society. Conking provided Malcolm with a “smooth sheen of shining red hair – real red – as straight as any white man’s” (Autobiography, 64). When he altered his hair’s texture, Malcolm thereby acquired a mistaken sense of self-liberty. He now resembled the white man. He could now emulate the white man’s superiority and dominance which he learned as a young boy. This imitation was specifically demonstrated when Malcolm displayed and pursued his affinity for Sophia, a white woman. However such mentality overshadowed Malcolm’s true character and contributed to his own denigration of self.

Somewhat similar to the ‘Hill’ negroes, Malcolm had his own inadequacies about his black complexion. Again with reference to his early years Malcolm was taught that blacks were inferior and often viewed as pariahs in their own communities. In chapter two of his autobiography Malcolm’s recall of his encounter with his English teacher Mr. Ostrowski, demonstrated how Malcolm was subjected to believing that he would never truly succeed despite his advanced intellectual ability. With such ideas cultured in his thinking, Malcolm’s conk provided an avenue where he felt he could physically equate himself and thus gain acceptance among the white society. As Farah Jasmine Griffin so correctly states in her book, “Who Set you Flowin’?: The African-American Migration Narrative”, “As long as he is willing to undergo this process, he is not willing to reject the standards of white society”(137). Thus the conk, the fundamental symbol of Malcolm’s self-hate and ignorance, stifles his ability to envision himself as different to the white man.

Although initially Malcolm regrets that he subjected himself to the painful conking process, it was basically his first understanding of how the white man conquered the black masses. Understanding his own frame of mind at that stage in his life granted him insight as to how blacks literally became brainwashed and deluded by the white influences within their society. Malcolm himself had physically experienced this mental oppression. Hence later in his lifetime, as an advocate for black empowerment within the nation of Islam, Malcolm X showed extreme communicative competence and skill in convincing his followers that black supremacy was the key to independence from the white man’s dominion.

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The Catcher in the Rye

2009-03-31T04:45:00.000-07:00

Jerome David (J.D.) Salinger was born on New Years Day 1919, in New York City. Born into a wealthy family Salinger grew up in a fashionable neighborhood in Manhattan. He attended a number of colleges, but did not graduate from any. However, he always excelled in his creative writing classes. Salinger joined the army and fought in Europe. While fighting he kept on writing, and upon his return to the United States he published many of his writings, and his only full-length novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Other novels by J.D. Salinger include Franny and Zooey, Raise High the Roofbeams, Carpenters and Seymour, An Introduction, Nine Stories, I’m Crazy, and many more.

The setting of the novel starts out at the private boys school Pencey Prep, which to Holden is a very discomforting place to live. To Holden, this school represents “phoniness”, and brings up nothing but “phony”, cruel people. He feels as if the school is misleading, and over-exaggerates the school into sounding like something it is not. Once the setting moves on, Holden travels to a more livelier, less hostile place, New York City, between the 1940’s and 1950’s. In the novel, Holden does not give a very detailed or good description of any place he has been in, but he does however thoroughly describe the places he loves, and feels the beauty. He often described the showcases at the museum of Natural History, or the carousal in Central Park. Everything that Holden described happened to him and affected him happened over a two-day period, years before this story is told.

Holden Caulfield is narrator of the novel The Catcher in the Rye. He tells the story from a mental institute in Southern California. Holden is trying to tell the reader about the events that took place over a 2-day period the previous December. He begins his story by recalling failing out of his elite prep school, Pencey Prep, and often adds in the other many schools he has failed out of. After he was told of failing out of Pencey Prep, Holden decided to set off for New York, and take a “vacation” before going back home. During his “vacation”, Holden explains symptoms of impulsive spending, depression, social inactivity, and sexuality problems, prior to his eventual nervous collapse.

Holden is very sensitive, and often feels the impulse to help and protect others. Not so much the strong and the bold, but the innocent and the weak, especially children. He is drawn to people who represent innocence, and are unique. Holden has trouble growing up, and he wish’s he could stay a child forever, with no worries, since growing up removes him and others from innocence. He is also quite intelligent, but fails out of schools because of his lack of motivation. Holden feels as if school is just another part of the “phony” world around him in which he wants no part of. Holden is also very confused when it comes to sexuality, and religion that adds to his nervous breakdown.

Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister, and best friend. Holden feels that Phoebe is the most trustworthy link in his family, and that he can tell her just about anything. Phoebe is very pretty, smart, and mature for her age. However, he often forgets that she is only ten-years-old, asking her to sneak out or do something that would be inappropriate for her age. She often gives Holden much advice and is helpful to him. She has red hair, and is “roller skate skinny”. Her favorite movie is The 39 Steps, and has memorized it word by word. Elephants also fascinate Phoebe. Although she can see right through Holden, she does not understand his darker thoughts. When she finds out Holden’s true passion in life, all she can say is “Daddy’s going to kill you”. However, Phoebe helps Holden realize that kids and people need to grow up. To do that, they need to take chances, and to “grab the gold ring”. She also helped Holden realize that in order to grow up they need freedom, not someone guiding them along step by step, but to let go, even though they may fall.

Allie was Holden’s close friend growing up. He and Allie had some kind of connection, almost telepathically, sensing each other wherever they were. Although Allie has been dead for three years now, Holden often thought of him, and spoke to him when he felt overwhelmed. Allie died of leukemia on July 18, 1946 at the age of eleven. Holden often spoke of Allie as the “most intelligent” and “nicest” person in the family. Although Allie was a ghost and mystic presence throughout the novel he represented hope, death, and innocence. He gave hope to Holden by leaving him his old baseball glove, in which he wrote poems all over it. This was very inspirational to Holden. Allie represented death, by dying in 1946 leaving Holden with great pain, hurt, and sorrow. He also he represented innocence in his short, yet good life.

Jane Gallagher was the girl Holden had always remembered and had feelings for. He often thought about her, especially after his roommate (Stradlater) took her on a date. He remembered her as the sweet girl he used to play checkers with, hold hands with, and comfort when she was distressed. Holden Also admires Phoebe, his sister and most trusted friend. He often confides in Phoebe, and shares his dreams with her. Holden often spoke about Jane and Phoebe and loved them for their innocence. As the novel The Catcher in the Rye’s title indicates, the dominating theme of this book is the protection of innocence, especially young children. “What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff—I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.” Holden saw innocence as the moral asset to life.

“Phony”, which is probably the most used phrase and word from the novel The Great Expectations plays a large part in the plot itself. “Phony” in Holden’s terms is an explanation for everything that is wrong in the world around him, and just another excuse to withdraw himself from it. Holden is so judgmental, that he spends most of his time looking for “phoniness” in others, and does not see the “phoniness” within himself. He admits that he is a compulsive liar and is often sneaking around pretending to be older than he really is. Holden wants us to believe that almost the whole world is phony and most people are trying to be something their not, except for him.

Death is a constant theme throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Holden often mourns over the death of his late brother Allie. When Holden feels alone, or hurt, he often speaks to Allie. Holden frequently wishes that Allie could be alive again, living life with him, and is haunted by the thought of Allie in the graveyard surrounded by dead people and tombstones. Holden also wishes that life could just freeze, and everything could just stay as beautiful as it is. He also associates death with growing up, which causes him to reject life, growing up, and he tries to fight the biological clock. Holden loved the museum of Natural History. He thought, “The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody'd move …. Nobody'd be different.” He loved this museum because nothing changed, almost like the clocked stopped, helping to enable him from change, and death.

Our world today doesn’t often touch on such a sensitive subject such as loners, and loneliness. People nowadays are often disclosed from groups, and cliques because of their ethnicity, background, or looks. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden describes his loneliness as if others do not except just because of his views on the world, or he is lonely because he wants to protect himself from being hurt. Being a loner, or loser often relates to other problems and disorders, such as nervous breakdowns, depression, and suicide. Also if the person decides to take their loneliness into someone else’s hands it can turn to homicide. This is such a sensitive subject cause many people do not want to believe that they make others or make themselves feel this way.

The novel The Catcher in the Rye, however, I don’t think I fully understood it. The story jumped around a lot, from one subject to the other, and if it weren’t so pessimistic, it would have been much better. Although the upside to the book is it is different from many books I read. I enjoyed how it only focused on one character, and traced him as the story progressed, and I could see how he had changed. But over all I quite enjoyed this novel, and I wouldn’t have chosen a different one.

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Macbeth

2009-03-30T02:01:00.001-07:00

Introduction
An immediate contrast between Shakespeare’s original version of the opening scene of Macbeth and Polanski’s film adaptation is the difference of the times in which each of the versions was produced. Shakespeare wrote and staged his production for a 17th Century audience whereas Polanski produced his film for a more sophisticated audience in which he had to translate the scenes using a variety of techniques, and this proved a huge advantage. Polanski was able to explore a character in a way in which it was impossible to do on stage. Film is obviously more advanced than techniques in Shakespeare’s time, and then again a modern day audience would find it harder to relate to as this scene we do not believe in the influence of witchcraft so strongly any more. A 17th Century audience would have a far better grip and understanding of the play as its themes were relevant to the topical issues of the day. This is why modern day directors must create new ideas to portray Shakespeare’s plays, so that people can relate to them.

Shakespeare found himself writing in times where witchcraft was seen to be a very common practise arousing a great deal of speculation and fear. Hundreds of people were executed because it was thought they were practising witchcraft. Thus by introducing the theme of witchcraft in the opening scene Shakespeare was able to capture the imagination of his audience. Film directors like Polanski who are attempting to translate Shakespeare’s themes for a modern day audience must use a variety of techniques to convey the atmosphere of the original. Any director who is wishing to create his own production of Macbeth must create an atmosphere for the scene, setting an ominous mood which will grab an audience’s attention.

Polanski had a definite advantage over Shakespeare because a film scene such as this one is so difficult to recreate on stage. This raises the question of what Shakespeare could actually do? There was no television in those days, he made the most out of what he had. Shakespeare’s sound and visual effects were simple and primitive and other than this he could do no more to create the atmosphere specified as the play was performed in the hours of daylight.

Setting
Shakespeare’s setting is described as an ‘open place’ with thunder and lightning in the background However, in Polanski’s film the opening scene is set on an open desolate beach with the tide out and the sand expanding into the horizon. Cliffs which run alongside the beach contradict the feeling of openness perhaps echoing one of the themes of the play, that of contradiction. We notice at the start of Polanski’s film there is a lone bird in the sky. This could represent a sign of normal life compared to the abnormality of what is about to occur. Shakespeare’s use of thunder and lightning in the scene is significant as in superstitious times it was believed that fierce storms released forces of evil, and were omens of unrest in individual people and even whole countries. Polanski however, chooses to open his scene with a red sky which acts as a warning, predicting bad weather, a sign that would be familiar to a modern audience.

In this way Polanski seems to subtly suggest the disruption which is to follow in Scotland due to the murder of the rightful king by his kinsman Macbeth. His approach is original and the landscape he chooses suggests that no living person should be able to survive in such surroundings and conditions making the environment seem at once both realistic and yet set apart from the everyday world. The scene ends with fog which thickens and obscures the landscape. This appears to refer to an occasion later on in the play when Lady Macbeth asks in scene 5 for, ‘thick night to pall in the dunnest smoke of hell’, calling on the powers of darkness and evil to help her plot Duncan’s murder. This leaves the viewer with a sense of uneasiness and draws us into a world of intrigue which is mysterious and yet somehow believable.

In contrast the seventeenth century Shakespeare could do very little about creating scenery and the only use of colour was when the stage was draped in black to represent tragedy, therefore he concentrated on language and dramatic effectiveness with simple easily recognisable effects.

Sound and Music
The sound and music which is used in Polanski’s film is very different from that which Shakespeare would have used in his production. Shakespeare’s ‘thunder and lightning’ recreated using a large drum or by banging implements together was effective in the seventeenth century as it was immediately identifiable as a sign of evil, due to the belief that fierce storms released or were caused by forces of evil. Nowadays the idea of witchcraft is mocked because people are far less superstitious. We do not associate thunder and lightning with evil the way a seventeenth century audience did. It is necessary therefore for directors today to use far more striking effects to catch the attention of the audience.

Polanski uses silence to create tension and interrupts this with a series of disturbing sounds. In Polanski’s film, the cry of a gull flying over the beach suggests the disruption of silence that would otherwise prevail on the deserted beach. Also to be heard is a distant scream which is an effective technique in unsettling the viewer before revealing the witches. Also if we listen carefully to the witches, one of them has a wheezing cough which is perhaps a sign of disease or death. As well as this there is a creaking noise heard coming from the cart the three witches use to transport the ingredients of their strange spell.

We also notice one particular tune played at intervals throughout the film which has an odd tuneless discordant effect suggestive of bagpipes which reinforces the Scottish theme of the play as well as suggesting distortion and evil. This has a dramatic effect as we hear it before the witches appear and as they depart. Another technique which is used by Polanski to creative effect is the use of the camera. He begins and ends with long shots of the beach but he focuses mainly on the witches and their features. This conveys that they definitely arrive at the beach with deliberate intentions. Also all the images are clearly defined until the point where the mist intensifies and the witches vanish mysteriously.

Props
In Shakespeare’s time props were very limited and in some cases they were dispensed with altogether. In Act 1 Scene 1 there is no mention of props but nowadays modern directors like Polanski would use props very often and audiences are likely to expect such things. For example, a witch’s cauldron which is a common token of witchcraft is used in many versions but Polanski avoids traditional props like this and instead he creates his own.

He announces the witches’ presence with a stick scraping in the sand. This is clever because it is at first unsettling but then creates a false sense of security from which the grotesque nature of the scene unfolds, as the witches go on to produce a severed hand which holds a dagger. These could be associated with evil and weapons of today as well as suggestingforthcoming murder of Duncan by Macbeth. Polanski also uses a hangman’s noose which could be related to the death of the Thane of Cawdor, an event we witness for ourselves in the film. There is a possibility that this could be linked with the fate of Macbeth, a fellow traitor.

The three witches appear to sprinkle herbs on these items which could suggest some sort of magical spell. It might also symbolise seeds sown by the witches, which will later grow, for instance the seeds of Macbeth’s ambition which spur him on to murder. The objects are then buried and blood is sprinkled from a phial over the sand. Blood is usually associated with death and evil which relates to Macbeth. The witches then draw a circle in the sand with the old withered bent stick that we saw earlier in the scene. The circle is known to be a magic symbol and this heightens the sense that a spell has been cast. Then all three spit three times each to seal the spell. This is again significant because multiples of three were considered as magic numbers. The fact that the objects were buried reinforces the theme of evil and death and suggests that evil will work in mysterious ways. The reason why the witches bury them might perhaps be to create a hidden force which mysteriously influences events and this also reinforces the sense that the witches are an underlying influence in the play.

The witches have serious intentions which are obvious as the manner of the burial is so formal and ritualistic, suggesting the casting of a spell. The sense of unnaturalness is reinforced when the witches leave no footprints as they walk away,underlining the suggestion of their supernatural powers.

Witches
The only occasion when the witches appearance is mentioned in Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 3, where they are described as “withered and wild in their attire”. In the seventeenth century when Shakespeare was writing and directing he was there to instruct people on the actor’s costumes but nowadays it is up to the director to decide how and when an actor wears a costume. Polanski has the three witches dressed in a mixture of filthy old rags and more conventional robes which gives them a sense of evil yet a hint of normality. The eldest witch seems to be more stereotypical than the other two in terms of her dress as she is clothed in black robes with a long cloak and a black headdress which covers everything except her face and ears. As Polanski uses his camera effects to zoom in on the witches faces, we also see that the eyes of the eldest witch are covered in skin. This indicates a theme of unnaturalness. The middle aged witch is dressed quite conventionally with a headdress which covers her ears and she seems respectable and ordinary. This perhaps suggests how evil and witchcraft can permeate even the most “normal” individuals. An other thing is that she appears to be deaf yet she is able to communicate with the others. The youngest witch is roughly in her twenties and does not speak so we assume that she is dumb. We notice that she has dirty fair hair and red blotches on her face and she seems to be somewhat reliant on the eldest witch perhaps acting as an apprentice, learning her craft.

The witches seem to be harmless when they first appear but this is a deceptive quality. Polanski’s witches do not display traditional properties and this indicates witchcraft is not the stereotypical preserve of cackling hags, pointy hats and broomsticks that we may have imagined. Indeed it appears much more unsettling as the witches commence their solemn ritual. It seems that they all need each other to survive and they work as a unit. It is also hinted that each of them has given one of their senses to the devil in return for supernatural powers. Therefore we are reminded of the saying ‘see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil’ We notice that they have similar accents and they remain seriously absorbed in their task. However, we are given the impression that each of them has an individual personality. Polanski mixes hints of normality and deformity creating a sense of disquiet which turns to horror, as the witches reveal their more gruesome side to shock the viewer.

Text and Conclusion
When Shakespeare was producing scripts he was communicating to an early Jacobean audience and did so as realistically as he could. Polanski basically does the same for a modern audience therefore. Although he sticks mainly to Shakespeare’s dialogue he has altered the text to suit the target audience. Polanski firstly transfers the rhyming couplet that ends the scene to the beginning. “Fair is foul and foul is fair, hover through the fog and filthy air” The witches chant this individually in a ritualistic tone which suggests the perversion of a Christian prayer as they walk around the burial spot having sealed their spell. The use of this opening line makes the scene sound more mysterious and strange. The riddle emphasises the idea of good versus evil and suggests the deceptive nature of appearances working with the imagery of a red sky which fades to grey to reinforce the suggestion that all that appears “fair” at the start will become “foul” in the end. Polanski drops the references to the witches’ familiar spirits Paddock and Greymalkin probably because they would be less meaningful for a modern audience. The early Jacobean audience would have recognised such superstitions due to their widespread concerns about witchcraft. A consequence of Polanski’s alterations is that Macbeth’s name now occurs at the end of the scene where the second witch pauses with dramatic emphasis: “there to meet with…Macbeth” This seems to highlight the main character acting as a perfect introduction for the title sequence. It also directly connects the witches ritual with Macbeth and implies they are responsible for his fate.

Shakespeare was often impeded by the fact that when on stage actors had to leave through a curtain or door, but Polanski does not have to overcome this problem. His witches walk away from the burial spot, two together and one dragging a cart. The camera zooms in to show them departing. The mist then rises and intensifies to the point where the witches are no longer visible. Then the title “MACBETH” appears with background music. The witches leave no visible trace of their presence on the sand, suggesting they have been hovering or gliding along. This is a visual equivalent of the fog and filthy air which Shakespeare uses to end the scene.

In Polanski’s film the opening scene acts as a prologue which is shown just before the title. This can be conveyed as showing that Macbeth is not wholly responsible for his own downfall and is somehow driven on in his ambition by the witches Macbeth’s reaction to the witches predictions in Act 1 Scene 3 suggests he already longed to become king, however, the witches appear to trigger ambition.

Polanski takes artistic liberties which work to translate Shakespeare’s key themes for a modern audience. He has a mysterious atmospheric style which creates a threatening impression and disturbs the audience. However it seems to be quite realistic in the medium of film and clearly has several advantages over stage performances. The stage in many respects is very limited especially in Shakespeare’s time period. The use of props and special effects were very basic and there was little or no lighting as the play had to be performed in daylight. The main advantage of stage performances was that you could see the actors live. There are obviously many more advantages in film, one of which is the opportunity to rerecord scenes until the director feels that the scene is perfect. This means there are fewer mistakes than on stage. There are also many camera angles and editing techniques which can be used to great effect.

Polanski was able to use light, sound and fog effects which were created to suit the situation. He could also film many scenes at different locations. These factors enabled him to make Act 1 Scene 1 more effective. Polanski could use special effects but Shakespeare would have found it difficult to create an ‘open place’ on stage and relied on his text and actors to convey his themes.

In conclusion, whatever way you look at it Macbeth is a skilfully written play which still remains popular both on stage and in film nearly four hundred years after it was originally written and performed.

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Adolescence

2009-03-26T13:30:00.000-07:00

In the extract “Adolescence” from Bob Geldof’s autobiography “Is That It?” there are numerous issues such as sex, peer group, fashion, music and religion raised in the extract. Geldof uses strategies and techniques that positions me as a reader to respond in a certain way to the issues represented in the text.

One way that Geldof positions us to respond to fashion is by the technique, point of view. It is through first person’s point of view where the secret thoughts of a single character are transposed. And that happened through Geldof’s point of view. While the point of view is through Geldof’s eyes, we can see that he appreciates fashion according to its role model and wore different sorts of clothing’s right throughout the text. Not only does this text uses point of view to respond to this issue, but also with the use of short syntax. By using short syntax, it is trying to make a point to us whereas long syntax’s is used to change the setting. To illustrate my point, here is an en example taken from the fifth paragraph, “At fourteen I liked clothes. I wore shirts that has different coloured collars with a tab button. I wore denim shirts with a false polo-neck beneath the open shirt collar.” The words in this extract are vivid and simple. We are positioned to see that he seeks new fashion according to its current role model.

Selection of detail is another method where we are positioned to respond to the issues right throughout the text. The selection of detail such as “denim shirts” “false polo-neck beneath the open shirt collar” “plastic belt with a huge tin buckle” etc, shows us that he is going through his adolescence life where he starts to like clothing’s and he becomes more of a person in his prime, getting involved with politics and reading. We are positioned to see that he is going through the time of intellectual expansion into a mature one.

He uses descriptive words to create the characteristics of adolescence in him. “I felt sorry for his loneliness, but I did not want to be with him. I wanted to be with my friends. There is no point in a forty-years-old trying to come to terms with someone who is fourteen or fifteen.” This shows that he is fonder of being with his peer group rather than his family. He believed that peer group is more essential than family. And not only is he selfish but he also tend to be self-focused “My father is irritated by my reluctance” and that is what the adolescence character’s are like. We are positioned to make out that it is true, what he is going through is his adolescence experiences.

Sex is another issue in the text that helped to create the humour in the start to get us as readers into reading the text. In Ireland, there are restrictive social environment with regards to sexual expression, so sex was a competitive event in those days, and most of them carried their only condom which was smuggled in like it was a good luck charm. At break, the boy’s talk would always turn out to be sex and it was peer pressure to belong to the crowd even if it means lying or pretending. But it was ironic that sometimes, they had to hide something because the people wouldn’t believe them. Geldof was one of the people that had to hide something from everyone else because no one at school would have believed despite the fact that he had his first time with Mrs Armstrong. We are positioned to see that sex symbolised manhood and that it was bloodthirsty.

The last issue represented in the text is the church. Geldof hated the church with a passion. They were almost his natural enemies. Geldof tries to make fun of the priests and the churches by mocking them with stupid questions like “What sort of fish is it?” Not only did he mock them, but he also talked back to the priest and this shows that he is brave however, not respectful. When the day you are born the church seeks to own you, which was the reason that Geldof hated the church.

We are positioned not only to see that the church is a symbol of control and Geldof’s attitude is presented negatively on it but also that he liked the way of freedom and independence.

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A Midsummer Night's Dream

2009-03-25T06:26:00.000-07:00

The initial setting of the play's scenes is Athens under the reign of Theses and Hippolyta, who are themselves characters from ancient Greek mythology. But it must be understood that the "Athens" of A Midsummer Night's Dream is neither that of ancient Greece nor of its Renaissance counterpart, but an amalgamation of the former with the folk culture of Elizabethan England. After Act I, the play shifts to the "fairyland woods" and remains there through Acts II, III, and IV, returning to "Athens" in Act V for the concluding weddings and the performance of "Pyramus and Thisbe" by the uncouth, unskilled, but irrepressible company of Bottom and his fellow mechanicals.

Act I
Scene I: The play opens in the Athenian court of Theseus as he looks forward to wedding his bride, the former Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta, some four days hence at the summer Solstice. The "blocking" character of the play arrives in the form of the aged Egeus, the father of Hermia. He wants his daughter Hermia to marry Demetrius and he is vexed by her love for another Athenian youth, Lysander. Hermia refuses her father's demand, while both Lysander and Demetrius press their suits to Theseus. The wise Athenian ruler upholds the law as it stands: he first rules that Hermia must either follow her father's preference for Demetrius or remain unwed forever. But Theseus also gives Hermia and Lysander some time to accommodate themselves to his decision and then calls Egeus into a private, off-stage consultation. All the players leave save Lysander and Hermia, with the former uttering the famous sentiment that, "The course of true love never did run smooth" (I,i., l.134). Another Athenian maid, Helena arrives. She is both a (former) friend of Hermia and a rival for the affections of Demetrius, whom Hermia spurns but Helena loves. Hermia tries to assuage her friend's jealousy by revealing to Helena that she and Lysander plan to run away into the woods near Athens, leaving Demetrius free for Helena to pursue. Left alone on stage, Hermia tells us that she will attempt to gain Demetrius' favor by telling him about Hermia's plans and then following him into the woods. Thus, Lysander and Hermia are in love; Demetrius loves Hermia and rejects Helena; Helena nonetheless loves Demetrius and is jealous of her childhood friend, Hermia. This somewhat confusing arrangement is the premise for the play's comic proceedings in which the love of all four characters will be "redirected" by the magic of Puck at the behest of the Fairy King Oberon. (Jump to the text of Act I, scene i)
Scene II: With the premises of the main plot out of the way, the play shifts to another, humbler section of Athens, the house of the carpenter Peter Quince. Along with several other tradesmen (Snug the joiner, Flute the bellow mender and, most comical of all, Bottom the weaver), these unschooled amateurs intend to stage a performance of the tragic love story Pyramus and Thisbe at the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta, with Bottom assigned the role of Pyramus. In an extremely funny scene in which the cast's inadequacies as playwrights/actors are acutely evident (Bottom wants to play Pyramus, Thisbe, and a lion to boot), the group agrees to rehearse their "surprise" play in the woods to which Lysander and Hermia have fled. (Jump to the text of Act I, scene ii)

Act II
Scene I: The setting now shifts to the woods outside of Athens and stays there through Act IV. Here we encounter the character of Puck, a mischievous spirit who has the power to cast spells and to fly at lightening speed. Also known as Robin Goodfellow (an impish spirit figure common in medieval English folk-lore), Puck speaks with one of the enchanted forest's myriad fairies before their king, Oberon (whom he serves), and their queen, Titania (whom the "lighter" fairies serve) arrive in the midst of an argument about a changeling boy whom Titania has taken but whom Oberon wants. She refuses to give the boy (who does not appear as a character) to her husband, and when she departs with her train of woodland fairies, Oberon devises a scheme to punish her through a joke. He instructs Puck to obtain a magic flower extract, which he will then apply to Titania's eyes as she sleeps. This particular drug has the power to make Titania (or anyone else) fall in love with the first warm-bloodied creature she (or he) sees upon awakening. While Puck goes on this errand , Demetrius enters, followed by the lovesick Helena. After watching Demetrius cruelly reject Helena, Oberon tells the returned Puck to use some of the same love potion on the "young Athenian" and to arrange for Helena to be the first thing he sees and falls madly in love with. (Jump to the text of Act II, scene i)
Scene II: In another part of the woods, after Titania's fairy train sings her to sleep, Oberon arrives silently and doses his wife's eyes with the love potion. The eloped lovers, Lysander and Hermia then appear, exhausted from their journey, and fall asleep. Puck enters and seeing the young Athenian Lysander alongside Hermia, mistakes them for Demetrius and Helena. Given his instructions and his error, Puck doses the eyelids of Lysander. When Helena appears in her pursuit of Demetrius, Lysander awakes, sees her, and falls in love with her, spurning Hermia. But it is not Lysander whom Helena wants, and she berates him for the fickleness of his love toward Hermia. Helena leaves in a huff, the love-stricken Lysander now chases after her, and Hermia is shocked to find him gone when she awakens. (Jump to the text of Act II, scene ii)

Act III
Scene I: Nearby in these magical woods, Quince, Bottom, and the other amateurs begin their rehearsal of Pyramus and Thisbe, and more hilarity is generated as they display their abysmal ignorance of stagecraft again. When Puck comes across these "hempen home-spuns," he transforms Bottom's head into that of a jackass. Although Bottom is unaware of the change, the other rude mechanicals are frightened by it and flee. Bottom consoles himself by singing a song that rouses the sleeping Titania. She sees Bottom, donkey head and all, and falls madly in love with him. The Fairy Queen takes this ludicrous figure as her paramour, commanding her troupe to serve his wishes and whims. (Jump to the text of Act III, scene i)
Scene II: Having witnessed these proceedings, Puck reports to Oberon that their joke on Titania has been even more successful than they had hoped. But Demetrius enters followed by Hermia and he continues to spurn her. Seeing this, Oberon realizes that Puck has "dosed" the wrong Athenian youth (Lysander). Oberon tries to rectify the mix-up, by applying the love juice to a (conveniently) sleeping Demetrius, ordering Puck to lure Helena to the spot so that he will see her when he wakes up. Helena does appear, with still-bewitched Lysander pleading his love for her. Demetrius then awakens to see Helena, and now both he and Lysander are again madly in love with the same girl, but this time it is with Helena. As both profess their affections toward her, Helena interprets their love to be a jest, a conspiracy meant to mock her. When an equally confused Hermia appears in search of Lysander, Helena thinks that Hermia too is involved in a conspiracy to embarrass her. The two young women argue with and insult each other; Lysander and Demetrius do the same and stalk off to fight for Helena's hand. In a farcically complicated series of events, Oberon sees the tangle that remains and uses an antidote to straighten it out. With Puck's aid, he arranges for Lysander and Hermia to be in mutual love again and for Demetrius to remain in love with Helena. (Jump to the text of Act III, scene ii)

Act IV
Scene I: As Oberon watches in amused delight, Titania arrives with her ass-headed paramour Bottom. Blind to both his supernatural and his natural faults, Titania welcomes him to her flowery bed, where he is pampered by the members of the fairy train but develops an inexplicable hunger for hay. Oberon tells Puck that Titania has relented on the issue of the changeling boy and that he plans to release her from the spell that has caused her to become enamored of Bottom. Puck relieves Bottom of the donkey head (that the weaver has never been aware of himself). Oberon applies a love potion antidote to Titania's eyes; when she awakes, she can only remember a "dream" in which she was in love with an ass. Titania's fairy train casts a spell of sleep upon Lysander & Hermia, Demetrius & Helena, and all of the tradesmen so that they will think that the fantastic events of the night are merely dreams. Theseus, Hippolyta, and Egeus enter in their hunt for Lysander and Hermia. Although Egeus demands that Lysander be executed, because Demetrius now loves and wants to marry Helena, the good Theseus dismisses the charges. Both of the "right" couples will be wed along with Theseus and Hippolyta. They all depart for Athens and the marriage festivities, all the tradesmen also leave except for Bottom, who then rises from his slumber and speak of a strange dream that he can only half remember. He decides to dismiss it all, concluding that "Man is but an ass" if he speaks of his dreams. (Jump to the text of Act IV, scene i)
Scene II: The other mechanicals worry about Bottom's absence and consider how it will affect their performance of "Pyramus and Thisbe" before Theseus and his bridal court. A befuddled Bottom enters and proclaims that the show will now go on. (Jump to the text of Act IV, scene ii)

Act V
Scene I: The sole scene of the play's concluding act is given over to Bottom, his cohorts, and their production of "Pyramus and Thisbe." Although warned in advance by his counselor Philostrate that he has heard their sketch and found it to be "nothing," Theseus insists upon letting these locals entertain him, his bride, and the paired Athenian couples. "The Tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe" is a complete farce: Bottom mispronounces the name of his beloved as "Thisne," the play has a prologue in which the characters assure their audience that they are only playing "fake" parts; both Moonshine and Wall appear on stage as personified characters. Throughout all this, Theseus, Hippolyta and the others make light-hearted comments and criticisms about the play. When the performance ends, all the mortals depart, while Oberon, Titania, and Puck appear with their fairy retinue. This provides Puck the opportunity to present the play's closing epilogue in which he thanks the audience for their kind indulgence in watching a play with a "weak and idle theme," saying that what has gone before is no more harmful than a dream. (Jump to the text of Act V, scene i)

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A Doll's House

2009-03-25T05:16:00.000-07:00

A Doll's House is a play written in 1879 by Henrik Ibsen. The play is a journey of the character Nora's self-discovery and struggle against the oppression of her husband Torvald and the society that he represents. Ibsen uses non-verbal elements such as screen directions and setting descriptions to symbolise aspects of characters and their relationships to each other.

The opening scene of A Doll's House is preceded by a description of a room in the house in which the two main characters, Nora and Torvald Helmer, live. "A comfortable room, tastefully but not expensively furnished". This description represents the Helmers' place in society. They are middle class, not extremely wealthy, but with enough money to survive comfortably on. Middle class society in Norway in this time was quite patriarchal. There were strict social edicts about a woman being a good wife and mother. Women who tried to find independence, or were forced to work like Nora's best friend Mrs Linde, were often seen as lesser beings. This first setting description sets the scene for the entire play and supports the controversial main theme of the play, Nora's rebellion against this rigid society in her final decision to leave her husband when she realises she needs to make something of herself and find independence.

Non-verbal elements are used to develop Torvald Helmer as a character. The way that Torvald treats and sees Nora is the main device in which the audience is positioned to see Torvald, as a patronising and controlling man and husband. In Act 3 it is revealed that the mailbox is for Torvald alone to access as only he holds the key. NORA "We're lost, the letter's in the mailbox." MRS LINDE "And your husband has the key?" NORA "Yes, always " Torvald's study is also a private room that Nora is prevented from entering. This shows that he does not perceive Nora as intellectual enough to be involved with any business or for that matter, any important matters in life.

Again Ibsen uses non-verbal elements in the play largely to construct the character of Nora. The Christmas tree, which is described in the opening scene, is a parallel with Nora's life and emotions during the play. The same as "The children mustn't get a glimpse of it (the tree) till this evening, after it's trimmed. "Nora is not allowed to be seen out of the house unless she is looking beautiful and acting like a proper wife and mother. This opening message begins to convey to the audience the values of the society the play is set in. Another non-verbal element used to express Nora's helplessness in her situation is expressed in the first act when it is revealed that Nora does not even own a key to her own home. "A bell rings in the entryway, shortly after we hear the door being unlocked, Nora comes into the room".

In the first act, Nora buys herself a bag of macaroons that she has been prohibited to eat by Torvald. "Torvald had forbidden them" He's worried they'll ruin my teeth ."This is a foreshadowing of Nora's final rebellion against Torvald. This also serves to form a connection with the two characters Mrs Linde and Dr Rank who are aware that Nora is lying to Torvald when she says, "Yes but these are some that Kristine (Mrs Linde) gave me".

The Tarantella dress that Nora wears in Act 2 is perhaps one of the most powerful symbols of Nora and her relationship with Torvald. "Torvald wants me to be a Neapolitan peasant girl and dance the Tarantella that I learned in Capri." This again shows Torvald's assumed control over her on the grounds that she is his wife and therefore is his possession. By choosing her dress and asking her to dance the Tarantella he controls her sexuality. He wishes to show Nora off, as if she is a doll, to all the guests at the party they attend with the knowledge that afterwards, she will be his. "All this evening I've longed for nothing but you' my blood was pounding till I couldn't stand it, that's why I brought you down so early." Ironically, only Nora knows, with the knowledge that she is going to commit suicide after the dance, that this dance and this night is her final chance to be a doll for Torvald. The way that she dances conveys this to the reader who knows the truth, but not to Torvald, who is completely unaware of Nora's secret plan. However, he does notice that her dancing is somewhat over exuberant, "the performance may have been a bit to naturalistic- I mean it rather overstepped the proprieties of art." Furthermore, it is Nora's Tarantella costume that makes her a possession of Torvald, and makes her his doll wife. In Act 3, when Nora decides that she must leave Torvald and "stand completely alone" and discover herself and the world out there" she changes out of her Tarantella costume and puts on her regular clothes to leave the house where she has been Сimprisoned' by Torvald for such a long time

Finally, it is not only the clothes that Nora wears to dance, but also the dance itself that carries symbolic meaning. The Tarantella is a popular native dance of Southern Italy. The name Tarantella derives from the name of a poisonous spider; the Tarantula. In fact when a person is bitten by the Tarantula they begin jumping to relieve the pain and this jumping is the first step of the Tarantella dance . This dance can be compared to Nora trying to rid herself of the pain and problems of her life. It has also been said that when the dance is stopped, the victim will die. This relates to the suicidal intentions of Nora as she plans to kill herself after this dance.

The porcelain stove has very symbolic meaning throughout the play. It is portrayed as the heart of the domestic space. It is often referred to as a provider of warmth and comfort. "lets get cozy here by the stove." Additionally, the stove symbolises Nora's place as a wife and the way society expects her to act in this role. Whenever Nora moves towards the stove in the play she moves back to her place as a wife. For example; NORA (going towards the stove) "Yes whatever you say Torvald, "and when Helmer and Krogstad are discussing "bank business" NORA (nods indifferently and begins stirring up the stove."

Non-verbal elements are used in a lesser way to develop a relationship between Nora and Torvald's childhood friend, Dr Rank. The depth and complexity of this relationship is revealed to the audience through non-verbal elements such as the lamp. This serves to heighten the meaning of certain events, especially the conversation between Dr Rank and Nora when he reveals to her that he is in love with her. The main part of the conversation takes part in very low light, conveying to the audience that it is a private and perhaps secretive exchange. When Dr Rank is on the verge of professing his love to Nora, "You know that you can trust me more than anyone else". And "Do you think (Torvald's) the only one who'd gladly give up his life for you." Nora orders the light to be brought in to bring the reality, that she is married to Rank's best friend and that Rank is dying of syphilis, back to the situation. She asks Rank, "Aren't you a little bit ashamed, now that the lamp is here." The light is again used as a symbol of information being revealed when Torvald finds out the truth about Nora's forgery and Krogstad's blackmail against him.

At the end of the final scene, when Nora leaves the house assumedly for good, the screen directions help to provide closure for the play and for the audience. Although this is still a very open ended play, and many watchers would be left wondering how Nora survives and whether she manages to change her life for the better away from the controlling influence of Torvald. "From below the sound of a door slamming" shows that she has walked out of her past life for good.

In conclusion, Ibsen uses non verbal elements such as screen directions and screed descriptions to add a heightened dimension of meaning to the characters in A Doll's House and their relationships throughout the play and as powerful symbols that help Ibsen to convey ideas and themes in the play.

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Too Close to the Bone

2009-03-24T15:33:00.000-07:00

In her article "Too ‘Close to the Bone’": The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness", Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may make her readers that the rest of the paper is also unsound.

In the article, Seid makes the claim that the pursuit of slenderness has become almost religious in nature. She shows that there is reward and punishment by society in following the doctrine of this religion, and that virtue is shown by pounds, clothing sizes, and body measurements. Seid goes on to say that never in history has the body ideal been as thin as we have made it. In fact, Seid claims, thinness was often looked down upon, and those who were slender were pitied by society. Earlier societies believed that plumpness meant that you were emotionally well and healthy.

The societal trend toward slenderness, Seid notes, began after the turn of the last century. The ideal toward slimness as it is currently practiced began shortly after World War II, with a large movement to make Americans lose weight. These ideas intensified in the following decades, defining normal-sized Americans as "overweight." Seid makes the claim that it was common belief that if you were overweight, it was simply because you lacked the willpower and desire to lose weight. Seid mentions, however, that many studies have shown that thinner people are not necessarily healthier than larger people. She also notes that efforts to reach the societal ideal often yield negative results, such as eating disorders and the inability to lead a rich and productive life.

Seid also examined why women are more affected by this struggle for thinness. She suggests that the societal ideal, even for women, is more masculine than most females can achieve. Also, as Seid points out, women are held to more stringent standards in all areas of society, and body appearance is no different. Seid then proposes ideas on what future historians will make of our desire for thinness. She then goes on to suggest that it would be terrible if women did not rebel against this "religion". Seid further claims that this "religion" of slenderness is appropriate for only those whose ideals do not extend beyond physical appearance.

In her piece, Seid uses the fact that no society in history has ever placed as much importance on slenderness as modern Americans have. While this may very well be true, there is a logical fallacy in condemning slenderness based upon this fact. Just because it was done in the past does not make it right. For example, until 1865 the United States allowed slavery to be legal, but that does not make slavery right. The same is true for slenderness. Just because society valued a plump figure before the turn of the last century does not make it the right ideal for our current society.

In addition, Seid uses binary reasoning, or the reasoning that there can be only two options, by implying that you can either be slender or healthy. This has many problems. First of all, there is not necessarily a distinct separation between slenderness in good health. Many slender people are in outstanding physical condition. Moreover, the use of binary reasoning excludes the third possibility of being unhealthily overweight.

Another example of binary reasoning in “Too ‘Close to the Bone’” is the statement that people who care about their personal fitness and health cannot have any purpose in life beyond their physical appearance. It wrongfully implies that people can only be concerned with a single issue in their life.

Roberta Seid has seemingly created a new, personal ideal for herself. This is by no means a bad thing, for no two people are identical, and that includes body type. However, Seid has seemingly used this ideal for society, in which many so-called “normal sized” Americans are now below, and has drawn the conclusion that they are “too close to the bone”. On the contrary, Americans in general are far from being at unhealthily low body sizes for their personal health.

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Pride and Prejudice

2009-03-24T15:27:00.000-07:00

Tony Tanner is writing about the terms of Charlotte Bronte’s criticism on Pride and Prejudice in “Knowledge and Opinion: Pride and Prejudice”. As sited in his article, Bronte states, “I should hardly like to live with her ladies and gentlemen in their elegant but confined houses” (103). Tanner wants to reconsider the reasons the appeal of the novel was so popular and what relevance, if any, it can still have for people living in very different social conditions. Also, he wants to show different ways to look at the novel to see why Bronte despised it and to find the novels relevance to us.

By adding Wickham in the novel, as a solider staying home, Austen showed that contemporary history does touch the periphery of this novel. Austen also added in money and courtship to her novel, as suggested by Tanner, to show potential problems that can occur in that social stature at that time period. Both focus towards the goal of achieving a satisfactory marriage. Marriage is a way society secures its own continuity and minimizes the possibility of anything approaching violent charge. Tanner also suggests that readers, at first, would see this novel’s title as Dignity and Perception, and Austen has the readers learn to see the proper title Pride and Prejudice, because her book is most importantly about prejudging and rejudging. Tanner suggests that a very important part of the book is how it touches on some aspects of the whole problem of knowledge. Tanner then brings in John Locke’s view of knowledge. According to Locke, it is “worth while to search out the bounds between opinion and knowledge; and examine by what measures, in things where of we have no certain knowledge, we out to regulate our assent and moderate our persuasion” (106). He uses Locke’s view to help support his belief of the importance of knowledge.
Tanner puts an emphasis on the first impressions in Austen’s novel. Elizabeth’s lively
mind allows her to the quality of registering consciousness to affect the intensity of the registered impressions. She is capable both of complex impressions and of complex ideas. This liveliness is also one of the qualities which wins Darcy to her. According to Tanner, without experience there’s no reason and without impressions there’s no experience. This suggests the particular importance of first impressions, because, although they may need consecutive correction, complements, and so on, they constitute the beginning of experience. However, Tanner explains that opinions are constantly changing as people’s behavior appears in a different light. Elizabeth most importantly comes “to wish that her former opinions had been more reasonable, her expressions more moderate” (111-112). The passages in Austen’s novel, according to Tanner, describing her changing reaction to Darcy’s letter are among the most important in the book.

The first half of Pride and Prejudice, according to Tanner, has been a dramatic performance, but in the second half a mixture of narrative, summary, and scene carries the plot towards the conclusion. As he says, “this reveals that Austen felt able to take advantage both of scenic representation and of authorial omniscience using third-person narrative” (121). But there is another interesting aspect of the combination of the dramatic and the epistolary, particularly bearing in mind that the word performance fades after Elizabeth receives Darcy’s letter. If the human being is to be fully human, then to the energy of performance must be added the wisdom of reflection. Tanner suggests that Austen believed in the value of social rituals such as balls, dinners, and evening entertainments. Within these social rituals, people meet for the first time, and first impressions happen.

The characters in the novel have a major influence on the ideas presented by Austen. Tanner begins to evaluate each character and explaining why they help support Austen’s ideas. Mr. Bennet ignores his fatherly role by always taking refuge in his library, and Mrs. Bennet looses herself in her performance. These gestures show disengagement from the necessary rituals of family and society. The two extremes in the novel are Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mary Bennet. They both find themselves superior to people who they also see as being useless. Lady Catherine thinks this because of her social stature, and Mary Bennet thinks this because of her intellectual superiority. Darcy changes from being just like Lady Catherine to being in harmony with his reflecting self at the end of the novel. Jane Bennet is incapable of role distance, but she has such a generous and high-minded conception of the roles she has to perform that she strikes us at all times as being both sensitive and sincere. The same could be said of Mr. Bingley because he shows us so much vulnerability. Elizabeth shows us that she can perform all the roles through her irony in the situations presented to her.

There is another aspect to the problems which can be posed by lack of social space. In a clearly stratified class society, such as Austen shows, there are invisible restrictions, boundaries, and separations, which the properly deferential person will not dare to traverse. According to Tanner, “There are quite a number of malicious remarks about people in trade made by some of the members of the landed aristocracy” (128). In this society, as in any highly structured society, it is a matter of some moment just who may be connected to whom. One of the gratifications of the book is that Elizabeth and Darcy seem to demonstrate that it is still possible for individuals to make new connections in defiance of society. Tanner says that Austen portrays “a society which stresses social control over individual ecstasy, formality over informality, sartorial neatness over bodily abandon, and alert consciousness over the more Romantic states of reverie and trance” (130). Her society is concentrated on how men and women may live in harmony with each other. All this, according to Tanner, influenced the notion of love and its relationship to marriage.

Elizabeth’s quality of liveliness is what Darcy is said to lack, and it is the main quality that Elizabeth will bring to their marriage, according to Tanner. Social rules tend to fix people in groups. Elizabeth is happy to leave the social group if it means she can laugh and live. Tanner says marriage is a part of the social grouping and is also a restriction. Darcy is attracted to Elizabeth through her playfulness and her ability to not have society control her. Society depends on the tension between playfulness and regulation. “In their gradual coming together and Darcy’s persistent desire for Elizabeth we do witness the perennial yearning of perfect symmetry for the asymmetrical, the appeal which ‘playfulness’ has for ‘regulation’, the irresistible attraction of the freely rambling individual for the rigidified upholder of the group” (136). The satisfaction produced by the match is generated by the happily united Elizabeth and Darcy by the end of the book. According to Tanner, in the figure of Elizabeth Bennet, Austen shows us energy attempting to find a valid mod of existence within society.

Tanner strikes up a good point when he starts his article with the goals of a satisfactory marriage. I agree with Tanner when he suggests that money is a problem that needs to be overcome before entering into a successful marriage. However, I disagree with his idea of readers calling the book Dignity and Perception. When I read the book, I automatically saw the title Pride and Prejudice being relevant to the book, how Elizabeth had to overcome her prejudice against Darcy, and Darcy had to overcome his pride to create the ideal marriage between the two of them at the end of the novel.

I agree with Tanner’s emphasis on first impressions in the novel. And by using Elizabeth to support this point was a good idea considering the entire book is based on the actions and thoughts of first impressions, especially hers. I disagree, however, with Tanner when he suggests the book is broken up into a drama section and a plot and summary section. I believe the whole novel has a plot in some way or another and is entirely filled with drama; otherwise the book wouldn’t be as interesting to read as it was for me. I agree with his view that this particular society focuses on balls, dinners, and entertainment to meet with others of the same stature and, at theses function, first impressions are made which is proven by Darcy and Elizabeth. I also agree with Tanner when says that people use theses events as ways of separation. I believe theses events help segregate the social classes so that society can go on functioning the way the aristocracy want it to function.

I agree with Tanner when he suggests that a successful marriage depends on the harmony of men and women in a society, but I also think that it’s about learning to find the harmony so that living together is possible. It’s not as easy as just having the harmony, to me. I agree with Tanner’s use of Elizabeth and Darcy as an example of this harmony. Elizabeth and Darcy both have to come to realize that they have a harmony together, but in order to do that, they had to find that harmony throughout the novel and it wasn’t always easy, just as I suggested.
I agree with most of Tanner’s points. I really disagreed with his view on the plot of the book. He needs to re-read the book and take a good look at all the plots in the first half and the drama in the second half. Overall, I think he makes some very good observations about the novel. I think that he could put some more emphasis on some of those points though, such as the harmony in society.

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A & P

2009-03-24T14:59:00.000-07:00

In the story “A & P,” by John Updike, Sammy is a very complex character who has mixed reasons for quitting his supermarket job. On one hand, he is strongly against the policy that the supermarket enforces. It states that people must come into the store with their shoulders covered. On the other hand, he is trying to impress one girl whom he likes. Finally, his pride causes him to make an irrational decision, which is quitting his job. If I were Sammy, I would not have quit my job over something that petty. If everyone quit their jobs over something that insignificant, then no one would ever work.

The policy enforced by the supermarket strongly offends Sammy. Sammy feels that the treatment of the girls coming into the store is unreasonable and therefore, he decides to quit. This evidence comes at the end of the story. The girls are confronted by Lengel, the store’s manager, for wearing bathing suits in the grocery store. The girls decide to leave rather than argue with Lengel. The fact that Sammy follows through with his decision to quit is very intriguing because there is nothing to gain. It also forces the reader to evaluate his motives for quitting. Is he quitting to impress the girls or is he sincerely objecting to the store’s stringent policy? We see that he proves to the reader his discomfort on the store’s policy of having shoulders covered. He portrays this anger by thinking, “Remembering how he made that pretty girl blush, makes me so scrunchy inside I punch the No Sale tab” (837). Sammy’s sincerity is very admirable but it alone does not constitute a good reason for quitting his job.

In the story, there is an abundance of evidence to confirm that Sammy quits his job to impress a girl. We know this because from the moment she walks into the store, he is mesmerized with her beauty. In the story, he often refers to her as “the queen” (833). If that isn’t enough, he also obsesses over every detail that the girl has to offer. After all his admiring, he finally realizes that he has to overwhelm this girl to get her attention. So, while the girls are walking out, he tells Lengel, his boss, “I quit’ just loud enough for the girls to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero” (836). Instead, they leave and Sammy’s attempt to impress the girl fails. Also, at the end of the story, he hopes that when he walks outside, the girls will be out there waiting for him, but this does not happen (837).

Sammy also makes the illogical decision to quit his job because of his pride. Sammy is given several opportunities to retract quitting his job, but instead he decides to follow through with his threat. Part of this reason is because of his pride. He tries to save himself the embarrassment of pleading for his job back. In the story, he says, “Once you begin a gesture it’s fatal not to go through with it” (837). This also confirms the fragility of a person’s pride. For him to back out now would be the ultimate concession of defeat. He does this, even though he knows that there will be consequences with his parents because of his rash decision. We know this because Lengel says to him, “Sammy, you don’t want to do this to your Mom and Dad,” and Sammy thinks to himself, “It’s true, I don’t” (837). Sammy’s pride clouds his better judgment and causes him to make the wrong decision. He would rather disappoint his parents than damage his pride and this is all for girls that wouldn’t even talk to him.

The most important of Sammy’s motives for quitting his supermarket job, is to impress the girl that walked into the store. His decision is made in haste and is very irrational. He is convinced that his reason for quitting is based on the way that Lengel treats the girls, but if that is the case then why does he disrespect the other customers? In the story, he refers to them as “sheep” (836). In one case, he refers to a customer as a witch. If store policy really mattered to him, then why did he wait to quit? If the policy was that bad, wouldn’t he have quit before the girls even came into the store? The truth is, that if those girls had never walked into that store, then he would still be working at the supermarket. If I were Sammy, I would have never quit my job over something that insignificant.

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